非平衡吸附模型在研究渗滤液对土壤污染影响中的应用

分析了有机污染物在土壤中的迁移转化机理，建立了非平衡吸附作用下渗滤液中有机污染物在土壤中迁移转化的动力学模型，给出了模型的数值解法，模拟出渗滤液在非平衡吸附作用下的污染过程；同时还探讨了模型参数降雨量p，垃圾土土层的厚度h，含水率θ等对有机污染物运移的影响。结果表明：在总的污染源一定的情况下，降雨量的增大和污染土层厚度的增大会使得下层土壤中有机物的浓度降低，为定量研究有机污染物在土壤-水环境系统中分配与归宿提供理论依据，同时也可为监测、治理和恢复地下水污染提供一定的科学根据。     

Derelict fishing gear in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands: diving surveys and debris removal in 1999 confirm threat to coral reef ecosystems

Marine debris threatens Northwestern Hawaiian Islands' (NWHI) coral reef ecosystems. Debris, a contaminant, entangles and kills endangered Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi), coral, and other wildlife. We describe a novel multi-agency effort using divers to systematically survey and remove derelict fishing gear from two NWHI in 1999. 14 t of derelict fishing gear were removed and debris distribution, density, type and fouling level documented at Lisianski Island and Pearl and Hermes Atoll. Reef debris density ranged from 3.4 to 62.2 items/km². Trawl netting was the most frequent debris type encountered (88%) and represented the greatest debris component recovered by weight (35%), followed by monofilament gillnet (34%), and maritime line (23%). Most debris recovered, 72%, had light or no fouling, suggesting debris may have short oceanic circulation histories. Our study demonstrates that derelict fishing gear poses a persistent threat to the coral reef ecosystems of the Hawaiian Archipelago.     

Distribution and source of main contaminants in surface sediments of tidal flats in the Northern Shandong Province

Twenty-nine samples of surface sediments from tidal flats in the Northern Shandong Province were collected for grain size, heavy metal(Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr), and oil pollution analyses. The geoaccumulation index(Igeo) and factor analysis were introduced to evaluate sediment quality and source of contaminants. The mean concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, and oil in the surface sediments in the study area are 0.033, 17.756, 19.121, 55.700, 0.291, 59.563, and 14.213 μg g-1, respectively. The heavy metal contamination in the old delta lobe is slightly higher than that in the abandoned delta lobe; however, the opposite was observed for oil pollution. The Igeo results revealed that the overall quality of the surface sediments in the study area is in good condition. The heavy metal pollution levels show a descending order: Cd Hg Cr Cu Zn Pb, Cd being the main pollutant. The contamination level for in the study area is relatively lower than those for China's other tidal flats. Heavy metals are mainly derived from natural sources of rock weathering and erosion, partly influenced by industrial and agricultural discharge. However, oil pollution is mainly from runoff input, motorized fishing boat sewage, and oil exploitation.     

水中多环芳烃前处理过程中的污染来源及去除方法

实验设备、耗材等物品以及实验室环境中都有可能存在一定浓度的多环芳烃,造成样品在前处理过程中可能受到污染,从而影响多环芳烃测定结果的准确性。文章系统地研究了水样分析中萘、苊、芴、菲、蒽等多环芳烃污染物的引入和去除方法。在排除了数据处理和仪器测试的原因后,确认污染来自于样品前处理过程。对容器污染、试剂干扰、前处理间环境污染和氮吹浓缩系统等因素的排查结果表明,氮吹浓缩系统是主要的污染源。进一步实验证实,氮气、减压阀以及连接管线等均可造成多环芳烃污染。通过采取更换氮气、减压阀和连接管线的措施,并将氮气通过活性炭柱,能够有效地去除这些污染。实验设计了装有活性炭的玻璃柱装置,可以有效去除存在的萘等多环芳烃物质的污染;但专用减压阀避免多环芳烃污染的效果验证、氮气中多环芳烃污染物的来源确认以及多环芳烃污染去除装置的优化改进等问题还有待于进一步研究。     

山东淄博市大武水源地裂隙岩溶水中污染物运移的数值研究

在分析研究淄博市大武水源地裂隙岩溶含水层的水力性质和污染物运移特征的基础上 ,对裂隙岩溶水的水头和污染物运移进行数值研究。目前国内外对裂隙岩溶水进行数值计算时 ,通常用等价多孔介质模型 ,但裂隙岩溶介质和多孔介质有很大不同。裂隙岩溶介质的储水和导水空间为裂隙网络 ,导水系数大 ,地下水的实际平均流速比孔隙水大得多 ,但给水度和贮水系数小。当用等价多孔介质模型进行模拟时应考虑这些特点。对于污染物运移的模拟 ,要同时求解水头方程和对流弥散方程 ,可采用MODFLOW和MT3D软件进行模拟。研究区裂隙岩溶水水头的数值计算表明 ,等效多孔介质模型水头的拟合误差能满足国标GB/T144 97- 93的要求。各时段地下水水量均衡计算的精度也满足要求。对流弥散方程的数值计算 ,由于Peclet数高达 95 .6 7,对流占绝对优势 ,可能存在数值弥散和数值振荡 ,因而采用多种方法进行了比较。对于同一问题 ,同时采用上游有限差分法 (UFDM) ,混合的欧拉拉格朗日方法 (特征线法MOC、改进特征线法MMOC和混合特征线法HMOC) ,总变异消减法(TVD)进行计算 ,并比较其结果。结果表明 ,混合特征线法 (HMOC)和总变异消减法 (TVD)比较适合于对流占优势的运移问题计算。由于渗透系数K和有效孔隙度θ对溶质运移结果的影响很大 ,?