上流式曝气生物滤池深度处理炼油厂外排污水

炼油厂外排污水水质复杂,可生化性已较差,但上流式曝气生物滤池对其有较好的处理效果.研究结果表明曝气生物滤池处理炼油厂外排污水在有机负荷(COD)为 4.39 kg·m-3·d-1、水力负荷为3 m3· m-2·h-1、气水比为31下,COD、NH3-N的去除率达到81.9%、73.2%;曝气生物滤池的主要影响因素依次是水力负荷、气水比、有机负荷;得到的经验速度方程与Monod方程基本吻合.该实验为炼油厂外排污水再生回用提供了一种工艺方法.     

Assessment and prediction of contaminant migration in ground water from chromite waste dump

Sukinda chromite valley is one of the largest chromite deposits of the country and produces nearly 8% of chromite ore. It greatly contributes towards the economic development but at the same time deteriorates the natural environment. It is generally excavated by opencast mining method. In the Sukinda mining area, around 7.6 million tons of solid waste have been generated in the form of rejected minerals, overburden material/waste rock and sub-grade ore that may be resulting in environmental degradation, mainly causing lowering in the water table vis-à-vis deterioration in surface and ground water quality. The study conducted in and around one of the chromite mine of the valley reveals that the concentration of hexavalent chromium is found in the water samples of ground and surface water, mine effluents and seepage water. Hexavalent Chromium (Cr⁺⁶) have been found varying between 0.02 mg/l and 0.12 mg/l in mine effluents and 0.03–0.8 mg/l in shallow hand pumps and 0.05 and 1.22 mg/l in quarry seepage. The concentration of Cr⁺⁶ in Damsal nalah, the main surface water source in the area, is found varying between 0.03 mg/l and 0.14 mg/l and a increasing trend, which is in the downstream of mining activities, has been observed. Leachate study clearly shows that the soil lying in the vicinity of mine waste dump shows highest concentration of Cr⁺⁶. Contaminant migration in ground water depends upon various geohydrological conditions of the area. The study shows that aquifer resistivity varies between 15 Ωm to 150 Ωm and aquifer depth varies from 4 m to 26 m below ground level. The ground water flow and mass transport models were constructed with the help of geo-hydrological and geophysical informations using Visual Modflow software. Contaminant migration and path lines for 20 years have been predicted in two layers model of ground water. The study provided an insight into the likely migration of contaminant in ground water due to leaching from overburden dump of chromite ore and will be helpful in making strategic planning for limiting the contaminant migration in the ground water regime in and around the mining areas.     

Geochemical and C, O, Sr, and U-series isotopic evidence for the meteoric origin of calcrete at Solitario Wash, Crater Flat, Nevada, USA

Calcite-rich soils (calcrete) in alluvium and colluvium at Solitario Wash, Crater Flat, Nevada, USA, contain pedogenic calcite and opaline silica similar to soils present elsewhere in the semi-arid southwestern United States. Nevertheless, a ground-water discharge origin for the Solitario Wash soil deposits was proposed in a series of publications proposing elevation-dependent variations of carbon and oxygen isotopes in calcrete samples. Discharge of ground water in the past would raise the possibility of future flooding in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site of a proposed high-level nuclear waste repository. New geochemical and carbon, oxygen, strontium, and uranium-series isotopic data disprove the presence of systematic elevation-isotopic composition relations, which are the main justification given for a proposed ground-water discharge origin of the calcrete deposits at Solitario Wash. Values of δ¹³C (−4.1 to −7.8 per mil [‰]), δ¹⁸O (23.8–17.2‰), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.71270–0.71146), and initial ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios of about 1.6 in the new calcrete samples are within ranges previously observed in pedogenic carbonate deposits at Yucca Mountain and are incompatible with a ground-water origin for the calcrete. Variations in carbon and oxygen isotopes in Solitario Wash calcrete likely are caused by pedogenic deposition from meteoric water under varying Quaternary climatic conditions over hundreds of thousands of years.     

垃圾土的渗透特性试验

用取自京郊某垃圾堆填场的垃圾土样进行渗透试验,比较不同密度情况下渗透系数的差别。试验中同时记录了渗透系数随时间的变化情况。试验结果表明,垃圾土的渗透系数随密度的不同,可以在(10-3~10-7)cm/s之间变动。试验中也发现垃圾土的渗透系数随时间而逐渐减小,大约6天左右趋于稳定。对垃圾土的渗透系数室内试验测定应以观测7天时间为宜。     

圆梁山隧道施工期间增加辅助坑道的设计与施工

在圆梁山隧道修建期间，为解决进口车站大跨段的快速施工以及施工中所遇到的2、3、4和5号溶洞的涌水涌砂难题，创造性地新增设了3条横通道、1条地质探洞、2条迂回导坑和4条泄水洞共10条辅助坑道。主要介绍了施工期间增设的10条辅助坑道的设计与施工。     

砖砌体建筑在泥石流冲击力作用下动态响应实验

我国山地泥石流活动频繁,建筑物防护是山区城镇建设及泥石流堆积扇开发利用中必须解决的问题,有效模拟泥石流冲击力,研究建筑物在泥石流冲击力作用下的动态响应有助于防灾工程设计。以云南东川蒋家沟为研究区域,利用实际观测数据和对泥石流破坏现场调查分析的结果,对粘性泥石流冲击力进行理论模拟,研究砖砌体建筑在受到泥石流冲击力作用下的受力形式及破坏形态;在此基础上,进行了砖砌体结构墙体模型试件的破坏性实验,现场观测试件在冲击力作用下的破坏形态和历程,采集其动态位移及主振频率数据,得出结构开裂冲量。     

砖混结构墙体冲击承载性能的实验研究

以云南东川蒋家沟实际观测资料为基础，研究砖混结构建筑墙体在受到泥石流体中携带的大石块冲击力作用下的受力形式及破坏形态；在此基础上，进行了砖混建筑结构墙体模型试件的破坏性实验，现场观测试件在平面内和平面外两种冲击力作用方式下的破坏形态和历程，采集其动态位移、振幅及主振频率数据，经计算分析得出结构动态响应模式。     

自然保护区群网生态建设的几点思考

论述了自然保护区在生态建设中的作用、我国国家级自然保护区的分布、福建国家级自然保护区的类型及其分布，提出了自然保护区群网建设的必要性．针对保护区建设的现状，提出了现阶段的工作重点：（1）建立自然保护区之间的群网关系；（2）开展自然保护区群网建设与研究工作；（3）保护区群网建设与森林涵养水源的重大意义和保护区域水的生态安全和生态效益；（4）保护区群网建设与发展循环经济；（5）主导资源保护与合理利用；（6）统一落实经费筹措；（7）加强部门、人员协调；（8）配合生态省建设工作．从而促进自然保护区的生态保护、生态修复和生态工程的协调发展．     

条件价值法在澳门固体废弃物管理经济价值评估中的比较研究

单边界和双边界是二分式条件价值法(CVM)的2种主要问题格式。针对澳门固体废弃物管理存在的问题，应用单边界和双边界二分式条件价值法，比较研究了澳门固体废弃物管理方案改善的支付意愿及其总经济价值；结果表明，80.56%的居民对新的固体废弃物管理方案存在支付意愿。单边界二分式CVM的分析结果表明澳门居民的平均支付意愿为每人每月14.87~24.12澳门元。双边界二分式CVM的结果表明澳门居民的平均支付意愿为每人每月14.43~17.94澳门元。单边界和双边界二分式CVM的评估结果相差不大，双边界二分式CVM的评估结果较为精确。按2003年澳门总人口44.85万计算，新的固体废弃物管理方案的年总经济价值约为7.02×107澳门元。      

浅层地基土应用的新途径

本文通过考察目前对浅层地基土的强度和变形研究现状及应用方法，提出了既能够利用浅部低强度地基土作为高层建筑基础的持力层，又能够反映土和工程结构之间相互作用，同时具备简单、方便、经济、安全等特点的土层围压应用。通过试验测试、工程实践效果证明了这种应用的合理性及有效性。