Chemo‐mechanics of cemented granular solids subjected to precipitation and dissolution of mineral species

This paper studies the chemo‐mechanics of cemented granular solids in the context of continuum thermodynamics for fluid‐saturated porous media. For this purpose, an existing constitutive model formulated in the frame of the Breakage Mechanics theory is augmented to cope with reactive processes. Chemical state variables accounting for the reactions between the solid constituents and the solutes in the pore fluid are introduced to enrich the interactions among the microstructural units simulated by the model (i.e., grains and cement bonds). Two different reactive processes are studied (i.e., grain dissolution and cement precipitation), using the chemical variables to describe the progression of the reactions and track changes in the size of grains and bonds. Finally, a homogenization strategy is used to derive the energy potentials of the solid mixture, adopting probability density functions that depend on both mechanical and chemical indices. It is shown that the connection between the statistics of the micro‐scale attributes and the continuum properties of the solid enables the mathematical capture of numerous mechanical effects of lithification and chemical deterioration, such as changes in stiffness, expansion/contraction of the elastic domain, and development of inelastic strains during reaction. In particular, the model offers an interpretation of the plastic strains generated by aggressive environments, which are here interpreted as an outcome of chemically driven debonding and comminution. As a result, the model explains widely observed macroscopic signatures of geomaterial degradation by reconciling the energetics of the deformation/reaction processes with the evolving geometry of the microstructural attributes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑循环软化的非线性动力本构模型在FLAC3D中的实现

已有震害研究表明,震后边坡会因持续变形而破坏,且伴随着土体强度逐渐降低的现象,即土的循环软化行为。因此,有必要研究考虑循环软化的非线性动力本构模型以用于复杂条件下地震边坡稳定性分析。在已有的非线性动力本构模型基础上,提出了考虑循环软化的处理方法。同时,在FLAC3D平台上实现了本构模型二次开发,并通过了理论公式与已有文献中试验数据的验证。结果表明：计算出的骨干曲线与理论公式一致,且计算出的动剪切模量比及阻尼比与试验数据吻合较好,能够克服Hardin-Drnevich模型和Davidenkov模型在较大应变处（>0.01%）过高地估算阻尼比的缺陷;考虑了循环软化后,计算出的剪切强度有明显降低,且当遇到骨干曲线剪应力可以连续地过渡到软化后的主干曲线上,模型的收敛性较好。所开发的本构模型可为大应变条件下软土场地及边坡地震灾害评估提供支持。     

Implementation of DSC model and application for analysis of field pile tests under cyclic loading

The disturbed state concept (DSC) model, and a new and simplified procedure for unloading and reloading behavior are implemented in a nonlinear finite element procedure for dynamic analysis for coupled response of saturated porous materials. The DSC model is used to characterize the cyclic behavior of saturated clays and clay–steel interfaces. In the DSC, the relative intact (RI) behavior is characterized by using the hierarchical single surface (HISS) plasticity model; and the fully adjusted (FA) behavior is modeled by using the critical state concept. The DSC model is validated with respect to laboratory triaxial tests for clay and shear tests for clay‐steel interfaces. The computer procedure is used to predict field behavior of an instrumented pile subjected to cyclic loading. The predictions provide very good correlation with the field data. They also yield improved results compared to those from a HISS model with anisotropic hardening, partly because the DSC model allows for degradation or softening and interface response. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复杂应力条件下土体各向异性及其建模思路

由于加荷方式不同,土体在复杂应力状态下在各主应力方向上应力-应变关系表现出显著应力各向异性,在常规三轴试验基础上,采用经典弹塑性理论各向同性土体模型对此不能合理描述。通过真三轴试验,总结应力各向异性柔度矩阵规律,结合试验规律进行相应理论研究,用非线性各向异性弹性矩阵代替弹塑性模型的弹性矩阵,用具有各向异性屈服准则的弹塑性模型描述塑性部分,建立非线性各向异性弹性-塑性模型,可以改善柔度矩阵矩阵形态,反映复杂应力状态下土体应力各向异性特征。     

澳大利亚Cloncurry地区铁矿化岩石与铜金矿化的时空关系

澳大利亚Cloncurry地区大部分被元古宙地层所覆盖,其中赋存有大量世界级的成矿热液系统。大型热液系统大都与含磁铁矿或赤铁矿等铁氧化物的铁矿化岩石密切相关。铁氧化物和铜金矿化的矿物学、地球化学及年代学特征反映出成矿过程可能涉及到多种流体间的作用和水岩反应。对Cloncurry地区典型矿床和区域Na-Ca热液系统的研究表明,含铁氧化物的铁矿化岩石与铜金矿化之间的关系可分为4类:①贫磁铁矿或赤铁矿的"Kiruna-型"铁矿化岩石;②铜金矿化赋存于含铁氧化物的铁矿化岩石中;③与铁氧化物有关的铜金矿化;④少量或者不含铁氧化物的铜金矿化。该分类提供了一些与铁氧化物有关的铜金矿化成因联系、矿物学和矿化类型信息。     

复合土钉墙工作性状的有限元模拟与分析

针对软土地区复合土钉墙（CSNW）的应用特点及施工方法,采用非线性有限元方法建立简单土钉墙及复合土钉墙受力变形的计算模型。对两种计算模型的土钉轴力分布、超前桩的受力以及土体的位移模式等进行研究,以明确复合土钉支护在加入搅拌桩以后其与简单土钉支护工作性状的差异,为复合土钉支护设计计算方法的改进提供依据。     

考虑岩体本构及结构尺度效应的地下洞室模型有限元分析

对于地下洞室围岩稳定而言,存在两种尺度效应：一是本构尺度效应,二是结构尺度效应。在地下洞室模型的有限元分析中考察了两种尺度效应的作用。拟定了两种工况：①围岩中任一点的力学性质是该点到洞室中心距离的负幂函数,洞室由小到大,即同时考虑本构尺度效应和结构尺度效应;②围岩的力学性质一定,洞室由小到大,即只考虑结构尺度效应。对两种工况进行了平面应变弹塑性计算,分析了围岩中的应力、位移、及塑性区。从研究结果可知：当考虑岩体力学性质的尺度效应时,洞室围岩中的位移及塑性区均较小;而应力值较高,而不考虑岩体力学性质的尺度效应时的情况与之相反。     

Method of deformation analysis for composite structures of soils and masonry stones

The coupled numerical manifold method (NMM) and discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) are enhanced to simulate deformations of continuous soil and discontinuous masonry structures. An elasto-plastic NMM-DDA is formulated that incorporates elasto-plastic constitutive laws into incremental forms of the equation of motion. A node-based uniform strain element is applied to avoid volumetric locking, which often occurs in conventional NMM-DDA. The proposed method is applied to three fundamental boundary value problems: a beam bending problem, a bearing capacity problem of a footing, and a bearing capacity problem of a masonry structure. The method is verified through comparisons with conventional solutions.     

基于旁压试验土体弹塑性本构模型初探

在大量旁压试验数据分析的基础上,通过曲线拟合,建立了旁压试验弹塑性阶段曲线的椭圆方程,利用土体SMP屈服准则和Rowe流动法则,推导出土体塑性阶段应力增量与应变增量间关系矩阵。在弹性阶段,假设土体应力-应变服从广义虎克定律,建立了基于旁压试验的土体弹塑性本构模型。编制了相应的计算程序,将文中模型计算结果与实际旁压试验曲线进行对比,初步验证了模型的正确性。将本构模型编译为ABAQUS自定义材料子程序UMAT,通过有限元对比分析,文中模型计算变形较弹性模型小,较摩尔-库仑模型大,与模型建立的假设一致。基于旁压试验的土体弹塑性本构模型参数少,且易于获取,便于在实际工程中应用。     

粗粒筑坝材料的动力变形特性

结合室内大型动三轴试验资料,对粗粒料的动力变形特性进行研究后认为,在复杂的高应力条件下振动过程中试验粗粒料由于体积缩小而变得更为密实,其动应力-应变关系与Hardin-Drnevich模型的双曲骨架曲线假定有明显差异,其阻尼特性也不符合Hardin假定;提出了反映试验过程中材料振动硬化特性的幂函数型动应力-应变关系模型和基于试验资料的粗粒料阻尼比估算公式;粗粒料的动残余变形特性与其初始密度、静应力状态、动荷载、振动持续时间等因素密切相关,建立了考虑初始固结围压影响的粗粒料残余应变与动剪应力之间的关系模型。可为强震区超高土石坝的深入研究提供可靠的理论依据。