A Simple Model for Earthquake Instability

Based on the heterogeneity of fault plane strength,the macro rupture process of a fault plane can be treated as the rupture accumulation process of local micro-elements in the fault surface.Assuming that the strength of the local micro-elements follows the Weibull probability distribution,the macro-fault constitutive relationship of the complete load-deformation process is derived from a statistical mechanics viewpoint.Applying a one-dimensional earthquake mechanics model and using far-field displacement a as the control variable,the problem of earthquake instability is investigated by employing the stability theory.The results show that the system stiffness ratio(stiffness ratio of fault to surroun-ding rock) β is the important parameter that affects the occurrence of earthquakes.Earthquake instability occurs only when β < 1,and the sudden stress jump appears at the displacement turning point of the equilibrium path curve.The expression of three important parameters for earthquakes(fault half-dislocation distance after earthquake,earthquake stress drop and elastic energy release) is also given.When β≥1,the earthquake does not occur and the fault only slips slowly without an earthquake.     

海积软土的固结蠕变性状

实验室软土多级固结蠕变试验成果表明,海积软土具有非线性、不可逆的、与时间相关的固结变形特性。在此基础上,提出了时间效应系数的概念,并构造了反映海积软土一维固结蠕变的本构关系。     

On integration of a cyclic soil plasticity model

Performance of three classes of explicit and implicit time‐stepping integrators is assessed for a cyclic plasticity constitutive model for sands. The model is representative of an important class of cyclic plasticity models for soils and includes both isotropic and nonlinear kinematic hardening. The implicit algorithm is based on the closest point projection method and the explicit algorithm follows a cutting‐plane integration procedure. A sub‐stepping technique was also implemented. The performance of these algorithms is assessed through a series of numerical simulations ranging from simulations of laboratory tests (such as triaxial and bi‐axial compression, direct shear, and cyclic triaxial tests) to the analysis of a typical boundary value problem of geotechnical earthquake engineering. These simulations show that the closest point projection algorithm remains stable and accurate for relatively large strain increments and for cases where the mean effective stress in a soil element reaches very small values leading to a liquefaction state. It is also shown that while the cutting plane (CP) and sub‐stepping (SS) algorithms provide high efficiency and good accuracy for small to medium size strain increments, their accuracy and efficiency deteriorate faster than the closest point projection method for large strain increments. The CP and SS algorithms also face convergence difficulties in the liquefaction analysis when the soil approaches very small mean effective stresses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Analytical Investigation of a Variable-Compliance-type Constitutive Equation

Summary. A constitutive equation is proposed in which the compliance is assumed to monotonically increase as a load is applied. The primary feature of the constitutive equation is that the equation can be applied to various loading conditions such as constant stress rate, constant strain rate, creep, or relaxation. The second feature is that the equation has exact solutions under many loading conditions. The present paper shows the exact solutions for the constitutive equation and investigates the mutual relationships between the exact solutions for the different loading conditions. The third feature is that it is comparatively easy to find the constants in the constitutive equation. The present paper shows how to solve the constitutive equation for the constants, and the constants for some native Japanese rocks. The constitutive equation used in the present paper is extremely simple. Therefore, the equation can be easily implemented in almost any FEM code. It is likely that additional terms of the constitutive equation will prove necessary for practical usage. However, additional terms can be found very easily by finding higher-order approximations of experimental data.     

Method of Numerical Modeling for Constitutive Relations of Clay

INTRODUCTIONThe mechanical responses of soils are more com-plicated compared with metals.By comparing thephysical and mechanical properties of the metals withsoils,Lade(1988)found that there are17differentpoints between the metals and soils,which differfrom metals inthree basic mechanical characteristics:pressure sensitivity,dilatancy,and dependence ofstress path.Wang(2004)proposed a principle of theinteraction between plastic volume and shear strains,that is,there are two relatively inde…     

考虑波浪引起的主应力轴旋转效应的砂土本构模型及其验证

Principal stress axes rotation influences the stress-strain behavior of sand under wave loading. A constitutive model for sand, which considers principal stress orientation and is based on generalized ...     

基于扰动理论修正的桩-土接触面荷载传递模型 及其应用

利用硬化模型、双曲线模型、指数模型以及软化模型模拟的桩-土接触关系存在参数取值困难、误差大的问题。为深入研究土-结构接触面的强度与变形机理,基于扰动理论,假定完整状态接触单元的抗剪强度服从线弹性模型,而扰动部位则服从塑性模型,建立修正的桩-土接触面荷载传递模型。该模型参数分析表明,参数k、η对模型τ-s曲线形态影响大,而参数τ、ζ对模型τ←s曲线形态影响很小;并通过大型桩-土接触面室内直剪试验,量化接触面上剪切应力与剪切位移的关联性,进一步确定修正桩-土接触模型内部计算参数。结果表明模型τ-s曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,验证了模型的合理性。扰动桩-土接触模型既能描述桩侧应变软化也能描述硬化特性,有助于理解复杂应力条件下桩-土接触面的强度计算与变形机理。     

A critical state sand plasticity model accounting for fabric evolution

Fabric and its evolution need to be fully considered for effective modeling of the anisotropic behavior of cohesionless granular sand. In this study, a three‐dimensional anisotropic model for granular material is proposed based on the anisotropic critical state theory recently proposed by Li & Dafalias [2012], in which the role of fabric evolution is highlighted. An explicit expression for the yield function is proposed in terms of the invariants and joint invariants of the normalized deviatoric stress ratio tensor and the deviatoric fabric tensor. A void‐based fabric tensor that characterizes the average void size and its orientation of a granular assembly is employed in the model. Upon plastic loading, the material fabric is assumed to evolve continuously with its principal direction tending steadily towards the loading direction. A fabric evolution law is proposed to describe this behavior. With these considerations, a non‐coaxial flow rule is naturally obtained. The model is shown to be capable of characterizing the complex anisotropic behavior of granular materials under monotonic loading conditions and meanwhile retains a relatively simple formulation for numerical implementation. The model predictions of typical behavior of both Toyoura sand and Fraser River sand compare well with experimental data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑荷载作用的沥青混合料冻融损伤特性研究

针对寒区道路工程中的沥青路面冻融受荷损伤问题,借助细观损伤力学和宏观统计随机损伤模型,建立了冻融与荷载耦合作用下的沥青混合料损伤本构关系和损伤演化方程;探讨了冻融循环次数、应变和油石比影响下的沥青混合料冻融受荷损伤劣化机理。研究表明：冻融循环疲劳损伤累积和荷载作用于带有微缺陷粗集料界面附近产生的应力集中加剧了沥青混合料总损伤劣化程度。冻融循环20次之后,损伤度变化不大,基本趋于恒定;相同损伤程度时,应变值随冻融次数的增加而减小。油石比对总损伤影响显著,当油石比相对较小时,以冻融破坏为主;当油石比较大时,以受荷破损为主。研究成果可为寒区沥青路面抗冻设计、性能评价及养护维修时机选择提供参考。     

胶结结构性土统一硬化模型

结构性土颗粒间的胶结使试样剪切破坏最终应力比高于相应重塑土,也限制了试样剪切时体积应变的自由发挥。在考虑结构垮塌为主的结构性土统一硬化(UH)模型基础上,将应力空间中静止的临界状态线扩展为动态的移动临界状态线。据此,通过建立新的屈服面方程并修正剪胀方程,将结构性土统一硬化(UH)模型扩展为胶结结构性土统一硬化(UH)模型。相对于原模型,新模型增加了1个模型参数,即初始胶结应力,反映土颗粒之间的初始胶结作用。通过4种结构性土试验数据与模型预测对照表明：所提模型能够较合理地描述结构性土等向压缩、常规三轴排水与不排水剪切等特性。