Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion using non-linear conjugate gradients

We have formulated a 3-D inverse solution for the magnetotelluric (MT) problem using the non-linear conjugate gradient method. Finite difference methods are used to compute predicted data efficiently and objective functional gradients. Only six forward modelling applications per frequency are typically required to produce the model update at each iteration. This efficiency is achieved by incorporating a simple line search procedure that calls for a sufficient reduction in the objective functional, instead of an exact determination of its minimum along a given descent direction. Additional efficiencies in the scheme are sought by incorporating preconditioning to accelerate solution convergence. Even with these efficiencies, the solution's realism and complexity are still limited by the speed and memory of serial processors. To overcome this barrier, the scheme has been implemented on a parallel computing platform where tens to thousands of processors operate on the problem simultaneously. The inversion scheme is tested by inverting data produced with a forward modelling code algorithmically different from that employed in the inversion algorithm. This check provides independent verification of the scheme since the two forward modelling algorithms are prone to different types of numerical error.     

多含水层系统的研究及应用

从平原地区的多含水层系统概念出发,建立了多含水层系统的数学模型,在此基础上进行了多含水层系统的流程设计,为解决此类地下水模型计算提供了一个良好的方法和思路。针对多含水层系统和多层、多结点,形成的矩阵方程组线形高度稀疏特点,给出了共轭梯度法和SSOR-共轭梯度法的两种比较解法,最后结合松辽盆地东部三层含水层系统的计算实例,对未来地下水开采引起的水位变化进行了预报,预测明水一段和二段在2005年将会各出现一个较大的降落漏斗,且二段漏斗的深度和范围明显大于一段。多含水层系统的研究具有较大的实用性和灵活性。      

Tectonic contrast between the conjugate margins of the South China Sea and the implication for the differential extensional model

The extensional model of the South China Sea(SCS)has been widely studied,but remains under debate.Based on the latest high-quality multi-channel seismic data,bathymetric data,and other obtained seismic profiles,the asymmetric characteristics between the conjugate margins of the SCS are revealed and extensional model of the SCS margin is discussed further.Spatial variation of morphology,basement structure,and marginal faults are discovered among the SCS margin profiles.As for the NS-trending variation,the basement of northern margin displays in the shape of step downwards to the sea,while the basement of southern margin is composed of wide rotated and tilted blocks,without any obvious bathymetric change.The variation also exists in the development of marginal faults between the conjugate margins,and detachment fault system is identified on the southern margin.Along the southern margin from east to west,the Eastern and Southwestern Basins developed different structural units.Based on the tectonic contrast of the conjugate margins,differential extensional model is proposed to explain the spatial variation of the SCS structure,which introduces detachment faults controlling the evolution of the SCS.The upper crust above the detachment fault was deformed by simple shear,while the lower crust and upper mantle below the detachment fault was deformed by pure shear.Because of the different lateral transfer between the upper brittle faulting and the lower ductile extensional regions,there developed marginal plateau(Liyue basin)and outer rise(Zhenghe massif)on the lower plate margin of the Eastern Basin and the Southwestern Basin,respectively.The evolution of the present SCS may be influenced by the diachronous close of the paleo-SCS.     

哈达门沟金矿床构造应力场演化及控矿规律分析

以矿区构造节理统计分析为基础,结合矿区地质特征及区域构造演化,分析了哈达门沟金矿区构造控矿特征及应力场演化。认为山前"钾化带"与矿体就位直接相关,它沟通了复式褶皱核部的隐伏岩体与浅部节理,并成为流体运移的主要通道。与成矿控矿有关的构造应力场可分为四期:第一期变形在新太古代的乌拉山旋回,最大主应力σ1方位15°～195°,共轭节理为NNW和NE向;在成岩、变质作用同时进行下除形成了区内透入性的强塑性叠加小褶皱外还有整体上的大型复背斜。第二期构造应力场作用时间在晚古生代,σ1方位约在160°～340°,形成近SN和NE向共轭节理和西侧的大桦背岩体,这一期有局部的矿化现象;前两期应力场形成了轴向近EW向的叠加褶皱、断裂和两期共轭剪节理等成矿前主要构造。第三期应力场处于主成矿期,变形为燕山运动中、晚期构造,σ1在290°方位近水平扭压,形成EW和NW向共轭剪节理;张扭性应力场使近EW向的节理弯曲变形,并形成追踪张节理,这两类裂隙成为主要的矿液通道及容矿空间。第四期构造应力场应在晚燕山运动及以后,为成矿后构造变形,σ1近直立,整体抬升使矿脉遭受剥蚀而出露地表。     

位场数据网格化的反插值法

位场不规则分布数据的网格化是位场数据分析处理的首要问题.本文借鉴反插值法的原理,提出利用基于预条件共轭梯度的反插值法实现位场数据的网格化.其中,插值算子采用高斯权系数,滤波算子采用Laplacian算子,预条件算子采用滤波算子的逆.通过理论模型和实际航磁数据的网格化试验分析,验证了本文的反插值法适合地球物理位场特征,网格化速度快,精度高,效果好.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘中—新生代构造特征及构造应力场分析

对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘黄河沿岸一带中—新生代构造特征的研究表明：盆地东缘中—新生代构造变形与印支运动、燕山运动、喜马拉雅运动密切相关。印支运动对东缘构造影响相对微弱,受扬子板块和华北板块碰撞的影响,区内形成了一套挤压应力近NS向的共轭节理。燕山运动对东缘的形成演化意义重大,其基本构造形态就是在这一时期形成的。受古太平洋板块与亚洲大陆俯冲产生的远程构造效应的影响,区内发育NE—NNE走向的褶皱带;离石断裂受到SE—SEE方向的挤压,以脆性变形为主;节理解析获得的燕山期构造应力场以NW—SE向挤压为特征。喜马拉雅运动期间,盆地东缘的挤压方向转变为NE—SW向,其动力主要来自印度板块向欧亚板块的碰撞及碰撞期后陆内俯冲所产生的远程效应。     

盐源-宁蒗地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度变化

许多震例表明,地震可以形成于共轭破裂。地震震源处,其温度和压力与地壳浅处及地表不同,温、压越高,共轭破裂角越大,随着深度的变浅(温、压减小),地震共轭破裂角减小;高烈度等震线共轭角也减小。用数学力学方法和岩石力学实验结果,探讨了1976年盐源-宁蒗6.7和6.4级地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度变化。     

利用不完全Cholesky共轭梯度法求解点源三维地电场

点源三维地电场的求解是一大型数值计算问题．本文用有限差分方法求解,最后形成一个线性方程组Ax＝b,这里A是大型稀疏的带状对称矩阵．解大型稀疏方程组的完全Cholesky分解直接算法,一般要求巨大的机器内存来存储系数矩阵A,而且计算速度极慢．因此引入不完全Cholesky共轭梯度（ICCG）算法及按行索引的稀疏存储模式,充分利用A的稀疏性,使得计算速度大大提高,而内存要求则大大减少,因此ICCG算法是地电三维正演的强有力工具．     

电阻率三维复杂结构的快速反演

运用共轭梯度迭代算法解三维反问题中的线性方程组,并结合求Jacobi矩阵 G 的Rodi算法,则每次反演迭代仅需一次正演计算,大大加快了计算速度,实现了直流电阻率三维快速反演。另外,由于避免了存储 G 和 G ^T G 所需的庞大存储量,以及在三维反演中加入光滑约束,有利于精细网格下的复杂模型反演。     

基于有限差分正演的带地形三维大地电磁反演方法

本研究实现了一套基于有限差分（FD）方法的大地电磁测深数据带地形三维反演算法及代码.其中,在大地电磁场正演数值模拟方面,开发了起伏地形条件下基于交错网格剖分、有限差分方法的大地电磁测深三维正演代码;在满足平面波场假设的前提下,使用长方体网格剖分模拟三维起伏地形,实现了带地形三维正演计算;并设计理论模型进行试算,经试算结果与前人的有限元法计算结果对比,验证了所研发的带地形三维正演计算的正确性与可靠性.在反演方面,本研究基于非线性共轭梯度方法编写了大地电磁测深带地形三维反演代码,试验了不同的共轭梯度搜索因子β,避免了目标函数对海森矩阵（参数二次导数矩阵）的显式计算和存储,初步实现了大地电磁资料的带地形三维反演.最后,对一系列理论模型进行正演计算,利用其生成的合成数据模拟实测数据进行反演,并与现有的不带地形大地电磁测深三维反演结果比较,检验了所研发的带地形三维反演计算的可靠性与稳定性.