Reduction of local scour at river conf luences using a collar

River confluences (RCs) are important features within river systems where the three dimensional (3D) flow structures and the downstream mixing of flows can cause deep scour holes. Despite this, few methods have been proposed to control scouring at RCs. In this study, application of a collar was experimentally examined for local scour control at the point where two rivers flow together. In parti-cular, experimental tests were done with and without collar application at three different locations. The results reveal that the scour depth is directly proportional to the discharge ratio, i.e. the ratio of lateral discharge to that in the channel downstream of the confluence, and the densimetric Froude number (Frg). In addition, installation of a collar at RCs can decrease the scour depth up to 100%, thus completely avoiding the scour process. The results also show that by increasing the Frg the optimal installation location for a collar changes and moves towards the river bed level. Using a collar can also reduce the height of the point bar formed downstream of the confluence. The outcomes of the study allow deri-vation of an equation for predicting scour depth when a collar is applied as a countermeasure. The analysis of this equation shows that the estimates are mostly affected by the Frg.     

基于能量平衡的跨海桥梁钢管桩局部冲深计算

综合国内外现有研究成果,分析了桩周流场结构及局部冲刷坑的分布形态,通过三维数值模拟,验证了局部冲刷最大值点出现在桩前,且冲坑坡度近似等于泥沙水下休止角的结论。从国内外规范内局部冲深计算公式中筛选出跨海桥梁钢管桩局部冲刷深度的主要影响因素。基于能量平衡理论,通过来流水流搬运冲刷坑内泥沙过程中的能量守恒,推导了概念清晰、形式简单的局部冲刷深度预测公式。区别于现有多数公式主体结构,该公式为关于局部冲深的一元三次方程,通过水下泥沙休止角来考虑泥沙对冲刷的影响以及冲刷过程中冲刷坑自身深度及范围变化对冲刷产生的影响。利用最小二乘法,结合环杭州湾区域三座跨海大桥的试验及实测数据拟合确定了公式相关参数,并与国内外规范内的公式对比验证,结果表明,该公式精度较高,可为实际工程计算分析提供参考。     

Circular time-domain reflectometry system for monitoring bridge scour depth

Abstract

Sediment has a severe effect on bridge stability, and time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is a suitable method for assessing scour depth. This paper presents a fundamental study to demonstrate the suitability of a circular TDR system to enhance the resolution when monitoring scour depth with consideration of detailed local changes over a wide area around piers. A total of 32 electrodes are vertically installed on a cylinder pier around the circumference at ～7.36?mm intervals. Scour depth is investigated through small-scale laboratory experiments, where a measured waveform reflects the artificially constructed scour depth with high resolution (≈5?mm). Different scour types including circular, mushroom, elliptical, and irregular shapes are developed to verify the application of circular TDR, and shapes are predicted through the detailed local distribution. The influences of the reflected waveform according to water level change, temperature variation, and salinity effect are investigated as additional considerations, and the relative deviation of scour depth is analyzed. This study demonstrates that the proposed circular TDR system achieves better resolution than existing single TDR systems and may provide a better alternative technique for monitoring scour depth.     

Prediction of scour depth at piers with debris accumulation effects using linear genetic programming

Abstract

Exact evaluation of scour depth around piers under debris accumulation is crucial for the safe design of pier structures. Experimental studies on scouring around pier bridges with debris accumulation have been conducted to estimate the maximum scour depth using various empirical relationships. However, due to the oversimplification of a complex process, the proposed relationships have not always been able to accurately predict the pier scour depth. This research proposes linear genetic programming (LGP) approach as an extension of the genetic programming to predict the scour depth around bridge piers. Among the artificial intelligence techniques, LGP and locally weighted linear regression (LWLR) models have not been used to predict the scour depth at bridge piers. Literature experimental data were collected and used to develop the models. The performance of the LGP method was compared with gene-expression programming, LWLR, multilinear regression and empirical equations using rigorous statistical criteria. The correlation coefficient (R) and the root mean squared error (RMSE) were (R?=?0.962, RMSE =0.31) and (R?=?0.885, RMSE =0.542) for the LGP and LWLR, respectively. The results demonstrated the superiority of the LGP method for increasing the accuracy of the predicted scour depth in comparison with the other models.     

往复海流作用下桩基局部冲刷及海底沉积物粒度变化

根据胶州湾海湾大桥现场试桩结果,对海流作用下桩基局部冲刷进行了研究。通过对桩柱附近实测海流以及试桩前后桩柱周边海底沉积物粒度变化联合分析,发现桩柱竖立后,桩柱根部优势流迎流面发生局部冲刷,侧面和背流面发生局部淤积。桩柱附近海底沉积物粗化,且根部优势流迎流面海底沉积物粗化最为明显。说明桩柱竖立后,细颗粒物质迁移,使桩柱附近海底发生冲淤变化。     

长江下游大型沉井基础局部冲刷计算公式研究

大型沉井基础在长江下游大跨径跨江大桥工程中应用越来越多,基础局部冲刷深度预测是设计时需要重点考虑的问题之一。国内外对桥梁基础局部冲刷做了大量的研究并建立了局部冲刷计算公式,由于长江下游大型沉井基础规模越来越大,原有局部冲刷深度的预测公式存在一定的局限性。在常泰大桥超大沉井基础局部冲刷试验成果的基础上,结合长江下游南京以下跨江大桥沉井基础局部冲刷试验成果,通过量纲分析及多元回归法建立了大型沉井基础局部冲刷计算公式,并应用试验资料及实测资料进行了较好的验证。该公式计算结构简单,可供长江下游大型沉井基础局部冲刷深度估算参考和应用。     

推进波作用下海底管线周围局部冲刷试验研究

考虑行波作用下的海底管线的局部冲刷问题。采用波浪水槽模型试验的方法,研究波浪荷载引起的管线周围局部冲刷机理和冲刷形态,探讨行波作用下管线周围局部冲刷的演化规律,包括冲刷起动、水土界面沙波的形成以及平衡冲刷深度与KC数(keulegan-carpenter number)和相对埋置深度的关系。     

Sea-floor scour at the mouth of Hudson Strait by deep-keeled icebergs from the Laurentide Ice Sheet

Physical evidence on the dimensions of icebergs released from the mouth of Hudson Strait into the northwest Atlantic during the last Heinrich event (H-0) is presented. Side-scan sonar imagery shows scour marks up to 700 m wide and longer than 28 km. These scour marks were carved by gigantic icebergs (megabergs) with keel drafts possibly as great as 660 m capable of scouring trenches 20 to 25 m deep into the seabed. These icebergs were likely calved from the grounding margin of a thick (possibly as thick as 640 m) rapidly-flowing glacial margin during the H-0 Heinrich event (11 ka BP). Along with the relatively few megabergs released were large numbers of smaller icebergs that calved from the ice margin at the same time and were also produced from break-up of the megabergs. Scouring of the seabed by the large and smaller icebergs happened at the same time, with megabergs scouring only in the deep waters of Hatton Basin, and the smaller bergs scouring only on the eastern, shallow margin of the Basin at the continental shelf break.     

后台阶下游床面冲刷过程数值模拟研究

以床面瞬时剪应力作为泥沙起动及输运的水动力机制,建立了结构物周围复杂流场下床面局部冲刷的数学模型。并应用大涡模拟方法对后台阶下游三维湍流流动进行数值模拟,得到台阶下游床面瞬时剪应力的分布规律。为了确定床面瞬时剪应力与泥沙上扬通量的关系,先应用数学模型对不同模型参数下,冲刷开始后5分钟时台阶下游床面形状进行试算。通过试算与实验结果的比较,确定床面瞬时剪应力与泥沙上扬通量关系中需要的模型参数。进一步对冲刷开始后30分钟内台阶下游床面演化规律进行模拟,模拟结果与实验结果相符合。     

健跳港上游引水对海床冲淤影响的数值模拟分析

健跳港是一个狭长的淤泥质港汊,针对枯季和洪季健跳港海床不同的冲淤特点,利用一维潮流泥沙模型复演了该港海床的冲淤过程,通过调整挟沙力系数来模拟健跳港枯水期的淤积和洪水期的冲刷这两种不同的海床变化形态,并预测了健跳港上游引水后对该港河床的淤积影响。