Dynamic model of mesoscale eddies. Eddy parameterization for coarse resolution ocean circulation models

In the framework of the eddy dynamic model developed in two previous papers (Dubovikov, M.S., Dynamical model of mesoscale eddies, Geophys. Astophys. Fluid Dyn., 2003, 97, 311–358; Canuto, V.M. and Dubovikov, M.S., Modeling mesoscale eddies, Ocean Modelling, 2004, 8, 1–30 referred as I–II), we compute the contribution of unresolved mesoscale eddies to the large-scale dynamic equations of the ocean. In isopycnal coordinates, in addition to the bolus velocity discussed in I–II, the mesoscale contribution to the large scale momentum equation is derived. Its form is quite different from the traditional down-gradient parameterization. The model solutions in isopycnal coordinates are transformed to level coordinates to parameterize the eddy contributions to the corresponding large scale density and momentum equations. In the former, the contributions due to the eddy induced velocity and to the residual density flux across mean isopycnals (so called Σ-term) are derived, both contributions being shown to be of the same order. As for the large scale momentum equation, as well as in isopycnal coordinates, the eddy contribution has a form which is quite different from the down-gradient expression.     

芦山7.0级地震医疗建筑震害与启示

鉴于医疗建筑在防灾救灾中的重要地位和作用,本科考小组对雅安地区医疗建筑在芦山地震中的震害进行了调查,调查包括不同烈度区、不同结构类型和建筑年代、不同级别的医疗卫生机构,对结构构件、非结构构件、医疗设备的震害特征,以及其他影响医疗秩序和使用功能的因素做了阐述和分析,并总结了汶川灾后新建及重建项目的抗震效果.调查表明,雅安地区医疗建筑在建筑结构的抗震安全性及救灾功能的实现方面仍存在很多问题,反映了我国医疗建筑的普遍问题.因此,对医疗建筑的抗震设防,需要作进一步系统的研究.     

朱集矿首采面观测站高程连接测量与数据处理

结合淮南朱集煤矿首采面地表移动观测站的高程连接测量第一次全面观测,设计了首采面地表移动的三等水准控制网,利用抗差估计模型剔除粗差,结合最小二乘估计模型对观测结果进行了处理,并从精度、可靠性和置信度等三个方面进行分析并得出结论。为以后采集各个阶段的地表移动数据,求出参数并且得出结论提供有效的基础数据,从而为朱集矿的后期采煤提供有效的技术保证。     

Three-dimensional trees for virtual globes

One of the problems in virtual globes technologies is the real-time representation of vegetal species. In forest or garden representations, the low detailed plants produce a lack of realism. Efficient techniques are required to achieve accurate interactive visualisation due to the great number of polygons the vegetal species have. This article presents a multi-resolution model based on a geometric representation of vegetal species that allows the application to perform the progressive transmission of the model, that is, the transmission of a simple representation followed by successive refinements of it. It has a hardware-oriented design in order to obtain interactive frame rates. The geometric data of the objects are stored in the graphics processing unit and, moreover, the change from one approximation to another is obtained by performing mathematical calculations in this graphics hardware. The multi-resolution model presented here enables instancing: as many vegetal species as desired can be rendered with different levels of detail, while all of them are accessing the same geometric data. This model has been used to build a real-time representation of a not imaginary scenario.     

一等水准点之记标准化与规范化研究

为保证一等水准点之记精度与质量,提高测绘人员野外工作效率,对目前的一等水准点之记进行了探讨与分析,指出了其详细位置图与点位,详细说明表达、标石断面图绘制和经纬度书写及交通路线描述中存在的缺点,并基于此提出了若干改进意见,这在一定程度上促进了一等水准点之记信息的标准化与规范化。     

精密水准测量中重力改正的归算

传统水准测量是高精度水准测量的重要手段之一。文章基于DiNi电子水准仪测量数据,针对长距离、高精度水准测量高程的多值性,对水准面不平行改正和重力异常改正的原理进行详述。将其应用于某城市二等水准网平差计算中,证明了精密水准改正的有效性和必要性。     

基于CGCS2000的平面坐标系的选取

本文研究了CGCS2000启用后选择城市平面坐标系的方法,提出了以大地高分布数据上投影变形符合限差的点数百分比最大为重要准则,用于选取城市平面坐标系的方法。并以N市为例,利用N市大地高分布数据进行验证,相比常规方法,该方法能更全面、客观地反映区域地形起伏等因素对长度变形产生的影响。     

In government we trust? Micro-business adaptation to climate change in four post-colonial and transitional economies of China

Public expectations of government influence private action for managing climate change risks. Institutional neglect or incompetence result in a loss of trust in public institutions, consequently discouraging the public from taking added responsibility for risk management. This has been explained in terms of social contract, but evidence suggests that a politics of distrust can reinforce alternative social drivers of action, rather than displacing action. This is empirically confirmed by the present study, which examines the tendencies for adopting private protective measures across a gradient of institutional trust. Surveys were conducted in four jurisdictions within China that operate under two different political-economic systems, namely, Hong Kong and Macao (liberal market economy), and Zhuhai and Sanya (socialist market economy). Structured interviews were conducted with 569 business operators to explore how their stated adaptation practice is related to institutional trust and social capital. We found that trust predicted action only in Sanya, which is characterized by a high level of public confidence in authorities. In places of lower institutional trust, social capital became a salient and powerful driver of action. The weakening of the social contracts in Hong Kong and Macao turned their people to alternative social mechanisms. We explain the results in terms of the development trajectories, socio-political norms and institutional settings of these jurisdictions. This study provides insights into how adaptation practice can be mediated by the consequences of a change in political leadership, policy, or governance arrangements that alters the relationship of trust.     

新型城镇化测评指标体系的建立研究

城镇化是当今世界上重要的社会、经济现象之一。通过对国内外城镇化水平测度方法的回顾,分析目前国内外城镇化水平测度存在的问题。结合当前国家提出的新型城镇化发展战略,探讨了新型城镇化的内涵,从发展理念、发展目标、推动主体、推进机制和推进策略五个方面对传统城镇化和新型城镇化进行了对比。最后,提出新型城镇化测评的指标体系。