Results from the Big Spring basin water quality monitoring and demonstration projects,Iowa, USA

Agricultural practices, hydrology, and water quality of the 267-km² Big Spring groundwater drainage basin in Clayton County, Iowa, have been monitored since 1981. Land use is agricultural; nitrate-nitrogen (-N) and herbicides are the resulting contaminants in groundwater and surface water. Ordovician Galena Group carbonate rocks comprise the main aquifer in the basin. Recharge to this karstic aquifer is by infiltration, augmented by sinkhole-captured runoff. Groundwater is discharged at Big Spring, where quantity and quality of the discharge are monitored. Monitoring has shown a threefold increase in groundwater nitrate-N concentrations from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The nitrate-N discharged from the basin typically is equivalent to over one-third of the nitrogen fertilizer applied, with larger losses during wetter years. Atrazine is present in groundwater all year; however, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater respond directly to recharge events, and unique chemical signatures of infiltration versus runoff recharge are detectable in the discharge from Big Spring. Education and demonstration efforts have reduced nitrogen fertilizer application rates by one-third since 1981. Relating declines in nitrate and pesticide concentrations to inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides at Big Spring is problematic. Annual recharge has varied five-fold during monitoring, overshadowing any water-quality improvements resulting from incrementally decreased inputs. Electronic Publication     

变频调速器在齐鲁石化供排水厂的推广与应用

近年来低压变频器已得到广大企业用户的认可,并显示出它的节能效果,文章介绍了变频器在齐鲁石化水厂的应用,对比改造前后的工作状况和在节能、节电、提高自动化水平及电路设计等方面的功能和特点.     

Storm catastrophes in the United States

A unique historical data set describing the 142 storms each producing losses in excess of $100 million in the United States during the 1950–89 period were analyzed to describe their temporal characteristics. The storms caused $66.2 billion in losses (in 1991 values), 76% of the nation's insured storm losses in this period. These extreme storm catastrophes (SCs) were most prevalent in the south, southeast, northeast, and central U.S., with few in and west of the Rocky Mountains. Storm incidences were high in the 1950s, low in the 1960s-early 1970s, and increased in the 1980s. Losses due to SCs peaked in the 1950s, again in the late 1960s, with a lesser peak after 1985. The areal extent of storm losses peaked after 1975 and was least in the 1960s. The temporal variations of the three storm measures (incidence, losses, and extent) did not agree except when they all peaked in the 1950s. Regionally-derived time distributions of SCs showed a marked north-south differences in the United States with a U-shaped 40-year distribution in the northern half of the nation, and a relatively flat trend until a peak in the 1980s in the southern regions. The temporal distributions of hurricane-caused catastrophes differed regionally with occurrences in the prime areas, the southern, southeastern, and northeastern U.S., each quite different. Temporal distributions of thunderstorm and winter storm catastrophes were regionally more uniform.     

1953-2005年内蒙古东部产粮区气候变化特征研究

利用系统聚类分析和相关分析方法,根据1953--2005年内蒙古东部产粮区48个气象站的气象资料．进行了气候相似区划分;并得出各区在热量、水分的时间变化上具有较高的区域一致性。据此,以区域内各站点的温度、降水和日照时数的平均值作为区域热水光时间序列,分析了各气候要素变化特征及其对农业可能产生的影响。结果表明：各区域温度呈上升趋势,增温速率（平均增温为0．3-0．4℃／10a）高于中国平均增温速率（0．22℃／10a）,增温幅度呈从西向东递增的趋势,平均最低气温增幅最大,平均最高气温增温幅度与海拔呈正相关,尤以1988年以后变暖趋势最为明显;降水量基本呈减少趋势,年代际波动较大;20世纪90年代至今,内蒙古东部产粮区生长季降水明显减少,气温迅速升高,暖千化趋势表现明显,温差减小和日照时数减少,水热匹配格局发生改变,粮食产量出现减少趋势的可能性较大。     

CORS环境下GPS RTK测量时的坐标系统及相互转换

GPS定位技术已经被广泛地运用并发展成为一个真正的三维测量工具。GPS CORS系统是GPS的连续运行参考站,是在一个城市、一个地区、或一个国家范围内,根据要求按一定距离间隔,建立常年连续运行的若干个固定GNSS参考站,组成的网络系统。本文通过对GPSRTK测量中遇到的不同坐标系统的分析,阐明了不同坐标系统之间数据转换的本质。结合在生产中使用的GPSRTK设备,说明了WGS-84坐标系向地方坐标系转换的一般过程和注意事项;对GPSRTK测量中遇到的不同坐标系统,进行理论上和实践上的研究,达到了预期效果,掌握了中海达V8GNSS RTK接收机在GPSRTK测量中的使用问题。     

地图误差对地图匹配质量的影响

高精度的数字地图是正确匹配车辆位置的基础。详细分析了地图数据的地理误差和拓扑误差的误差形式,路网数据模型的常见误差因素和改进策略,最后介绍了不同地图匹配算法对地图质量的敏感性和可行性。根据可能出现的误差对现有数字地图和匹配算法加以改进,弥补了原有数字地图带来的不精确缺陷。跑车实验证明,考虑了数字地图误差影响的匹配算法可以明显提高定位精度,减小车辆定位误差。     

高分三号卫星总体设计与关键技术

高分三号(GF-3)卫星作为我国首颗自主研制的C频段多极化SAR卫星,突破了多项关键技术。卫星在明确SAR载荷的体制和基本配置的基础上,围绕SAR载荷的需求开展卫星平台适应能力的分析以及载荷与平台之间的匹配性研究,形成了一系列卫星特点和技术创新点,主要技术指标达到或超过国际同类卫星水平。     

索佳SET×130R系列全站仪的维修

介绍了索佳SET×130R系列全站仪的常规检查和调整,维修程序,为技术人员在解决索佳全站仪常见故障和几种指标参数的校正提供参考.     

油气包裹体的显微红外光谱测试技术及应用

单一油气包裹体的成分一直是地质学家关注的焦点,它能为油气成藏研究提供最直接的证据。显微红外光谱技术可以测定单个油气包裹体的成分、分子结构和其中油气包裹体的成熟度。本文应用显微红外光谱技术、包裹体的鉴定和均一温度测定技术,分析了大庆探区海拉尔盆地乌27井、巴16井、希3井等样品的包裹体。研究表明,乌27井有过两期成藏,并以第二期为主;巴16井也有过两期主要成藏,且第二期具混源的特点;希3井只有一次主要成藏期。同时利用红外光谱的CH2/CH3值、Xinc、Xstd划分了三口井的油气成藏期次,结果与镜下鉴定结论相一致,并确定了其中油气包裹体的成熟度。本文还探讨了显微-红外光谱测试单一油气包裹体的发展方向。     

基于RS、GIS的东喜马拉雅南迦巴瓦峰地区断裂构造的定量研究

东喜马拉雅南迦巴瓦峰地区地质构造十分复杂,对该区板块缝合带的空间位置问题,长期以来,一直认为沿雅鲁藏布江呈弧形展布。笔者以ETM+为主要信息源,以遥感与GIS为技术支撑,对南峰地区的断裂构造进行了详细的遥感解译分析,从构造统计分析的角度对断裂构造进行定量研究,从分维值及趋势值的空间分布及变化特征分析,认为缝合带的南东段、北段大致沿雅鲁藏布江展布,而北西段位于雅鲁藏布江的北西侧,沿东久-米林(断裂带)展布,这也与近几年来开展了1∶25万区域地质调查获得的新认识相一致。