无定河流域不同水土流失区底栖动物生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

无定河流域位于黄土高原与毛乌素沙地过渡带,水土流失严重,生态环境具有脆弱性和波动性。于2021年春季(4月)和秋季(10月)对无定河流域上、中、下游及其6条支流和流域内的3个淤地坝开展水生态系统调查,旨在厘清无定河流域底栖动物群落特征,构建底栖动物生物完整性指数并开展健康评价。无定河流域春季共采集到底栖动物105种,平均密度为181 ind./m²,平均生物量为0.760 g/m²,秋季共采集到底栖动物67种,平均密度为94 ind./m²,平均生物量为0.454 g/m²。通过对两季度研究区域内底栖动物27个生物参数开展分布范围检验、判别能力分析和相关性分析,构建无定河流域底栖动物生物完整性指数,对全流域40个样点(6个参照点和34个受损点)进行B-IBI健康评价。评价结果表明,总体上无定河流域底栖动物生物完整性较好,40个样点中春季有19个处于健康或亚健康状态,秋季有23个处于健康或亚健康状态,其中无定河上、中游干支流大都以健康和亚健康为主,无定河下游干支流以及3个淤地坝水体健康状况较差。在不同水土流失类型区域,底栖动物群落特征和生物完整性评价具有显著性差异。本研究结果可为无定河流域河流健康评估提供科学依据。     

济南市长清区暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

基于自然灾害形成机理及风险评估原理,利用济南市长清区气象数据、自然地理和社会经济等数据,建立起致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个评价指标,采用加权综合评价法和层次分析法,借助GIS空间分析技术,对暴雨灾害风险性进行评价和等级划分,并绘制出长清地区暴雨灾害综合风险区划图。结果显示:长清区暴雨灾害综合风险性分布空间性强,无明显的地域分布界限,东部高于其它地区。暴雨灾害高综合风险区分布面积较为分散且最小,占全区总面积的14.60%;中综合风险区主要分布在高综合风险区的外围,占全区总面积的30.31%;轻、低综合风险区分别占全区总面积的20.72%和34.37%。     

尼日尔Termit盆地低阻油层成因机理及综合识别技术

尼日尔Termit盆地地层水矿化度低(矿化度为200×10-6~1 500×10-6),油气水系统和流体类型非常复杂,不仅发育多套油气水系统,而且正常油气层、低阻油层均存在。实践证明,应用单一的资料和相同的方法很难评价如此复杂的流体类型,尤其是低阻油层的识别。通过已钻井证实,该盆地古近系Sokor1组和白垩系Yogou组普遍存在低阻油层,其电阻率特征主要表现为两类,一是同一沉积时期内油层电阻率与相邻水层电阻率相近,二是油层的电阻率与邻近泥岩的电阻率相近。根据薄片、扫描电镜、黏土X 衍射、压汞等资料,考虑岩石粒度、孔隙结构、黏土矿物含量及类型、油层厚度、导电矿物等,分析研究了该盆地低阻油层成因的微观机理和宏观影响因素。研究结果表明,岩石颗粒细、黏土含量高及微孔隙发育导致束缚水含量高是目标盆地低阻油层形成的主要微观机理。宏观影响因素主要是油层薄和咸水泥浆侵入。根据低阻油层成因及其测、录井资料的响应特征分析研究认为,综合利用电阻率和自然伽马、电阻率和自然电位相对值交会图,将录井油气显示定量化得到的录井油气显示级别的综合指数GEOFI与气测总烃TG交会图,RFT压力资料计算的流体密度可以有效识别该盆地低阻油层。研究还揭示了低阻油层在Termit盆地平面和纵向上的分布规律,平面上分布在Dinga地堑、Fana低凸起和Yogou斜坡的各油田中,纵向上主要集中在第三系Sokor1组的E1、E2小层河流相沉积及白垩系三角洲和湖相沉积的砂泥岩互层中。     

中国钨矿成矿地质特征与资源潜力分析

钨矿是中国传统优势矿种,前人在钨矿成矿理论方面积累了非常丰富的研究成果。然而,随着近年来在江西、云南和新疆等地取得的多项钨矿重大找矿突破,对原有的钨成矿带地质认识提出了挑战,急需进一步分析和总结其地质特征、成矿规律和资源潜力,为今后地质找矿工作提供理论指导。文中采用矿床模型综合地质信息预测方法,在各省区钨矿资源潜力预测成果的基础上,以MapGIS为平台,进行数据库汇总与综合分析研究。首先,基于全国1 538处钨矿产地数据的统计分析,初步总结了中国钨矿时空分布特征,以及岩浆岩、构造和地层等控矿因素。其次,根据钨矿床及预测区的空间分布和大地构造单元,划分了56个钨矿成矿区带。再次,将钨矿的预测类型划分为石英脉型、夕卡岩型、斑岩型、云英岩型、陆相火山岩型、沉积变质型、层控夕卡岩型和砂矿型,并建立了主要钨矿类型的预测模型。最后,在全国范围累计圈定的1 357个最小预测,累计预测资源量(WO3)2 973×104 t。根据钨矿区域成矿特征,将最小预测区归并为461个二级预测区,并进一步合并为118个钨矿三级预测区,其中,找矿潜力大的河南卢氏-栾川、新疆白干湖、湖南香花岭-瑶岗仙、甘肃野马滩-干巴河脑、江西坪背山-八仙脑和大湖塘等6个三级预测区可优先部署钨矿勘查工作。     

Anthropogenic threat assessment of marine-associated fauna in Spencer Gulf,South Australia

Assessing the vulnerability of species to [anthropogenic threats is an essential step when developing management strategies for wild populations. With industrial development forecasted to increase in Spencer Gulf, South Australia, it is crucial to assess the ongoing effects of anthropogenic threats to resident and migratory species. Expert elicitation was used to assess 27 threats against 38 threatened, protected, and iconic marine-associated species. Species and threat interactions were assessed individually, and as taxonomic or functional groups. Climate change had the greatest overall exposure (c.f. risk) across species, followed by disturbance, pollution, disease/invasive species, and fishing/aquaculture threats. The largest overall sensitivities (c.f. consequences) were pollution and disease/invasive species, followed by climate change, disturbance and fishing/aquaculture threats. Vulnerability scores (exposure x sensitivity) showed the climate change group posing the greatest overall threat in Spencer Gulf, with individual climatic threats ranking as three of the top four biggest threats to most animal groups. Noise, shipping, and net fishing were considered the greatest region-specific individual threats to marine mammals; as were trawl fishing, line fishing, and coastal activities to fish/cuttlefish; trawl fishing, line fishing, and net fishing to elasmobranchs; and oil spill, disease, and coastal activities to sea/shorebirds. Eighteen of the 20 highest vulnerability scores involved the short-beaked common dolphin, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, and Australian sea lion, highlighting the particular susceptibility of these species to specific threats. These findings provide a synthesis of key threats and vulnerable species, and give management a basis to direct future monitoring and threat mitigation efforts in the region.     

Environmental management frameworks for offshore mining: the New Zealand approach

The New Zealand region contains untapped natural mineral, oil, and gas resources while also supporting globally unique and diverse faunal communities that need to be managed sustainably. In this paper key information from the international literature is reviewed that can underpin an Environmental Mining Management System which includes elements of Environmental Risk Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Planning. This paper focuses on four developing areas of seafloor mining activities presently being undertaken or planned in the New Zealand region: hydrocarbons (oil and gas), minerals, ironsands and phosphorite nodules. A number of issues with the implementation of environmental management systems are identified including the difficulty of assessing new marine activities or technologies and the need for standardised reporting metrics. Finally, the development of ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning is discussed which will be required to enhance environmental mining management frameworks in New Zealand.     

海上溢油量评估方法研究综述

近年来,国内外海上溢油污染事故的频发,使得全社会对海洋污染的关注不断升温。海上溢油量是评价海上溢油事故威胁程度和确定溢油事故等级的重要指标,也是污染赔偿追责的重要依据,同时对于现场溢油应急处置和科学决策也有重要作用。本文总结分析了目前主要的4种海上溢油量初步评估方法,包括质量平衡法、工艺流程法、现场观测法和数值模拟法。不同溢油量估算方法适用的溢油源和溢油方式各有不同,估算的溢油量也不尽相同。实际应用中,通常根据具体情况选择多种方法进行溢油量综合评估。本文从实际应用出发,探讨几种可用的溢油量评估方法,并结合案例进行说明。     

基于综合环境因子的协同克里金法分析茎柔鱼资源丰度空间分布

茎柔鱼是我国重要的远洋捕捞对象之一,研究其资源丰度空间分布问题,有助于更好地理解茎柔鱼的生态习性,并提高我国鱿钓渔船的生产效率。本文利用上海海洋大学鱿钓技术组提供的2003-2012年6-9月秘鲁外海茎柔鱼捕捞数据,结合海表面温度（SST）,海表面高度（SSH）,海表面盐度（SSS）和叶绿素浓度（Chl a）进行协同克里金插值预测其资源丰度的空间分布。为了解决协同克里金插值中4个环境因子的权重问题,本文将4个环境因子进行归一化处理,利用主成分分析方法将其整合为单一综合环境因子,以此作为协变量。将综合环境因子与单位捕捞努力量渔获量（CPUE）进行相关性检验后进行协同克里金插值,根据平均误差（ME）,均方根误差（RMSE）和标准化均方根（RMSSE）对插值结果评价,探讨此种方法的可行性。研究结果认为:（1）主成分分析方法获得的6-9月份的综合环境因子均与CPUE具有显著相关性;（2）6-7月份ME分别为0.002 6和0.002 5,预测准确性很高,平均预测结果稍高于实际观测值;而8-9月份的ME分别为-0.007 8和-0.000 2,预测准确性较高,平均预测结果稍低于实际观测值。6月份的RMSE估值精度最高,8月份的估值精度最低。6-7月份的RMSSE值小于1,说明都高估了预测的不确定性,8-9月份的RMSSE值大于1,说明都低估了预测的不确定性,则在6-9月份中的预测精度和准确性上会有一定程度的偏差。从ME、RMSE和RMSSE三者综合来看,6-9月的预测值具有一定的可靠性。     

Culture,demography and biogeography of sponge science: From past conferences to strategic research?

Perceived changes in the culture of sponge science and sponge conferences served as motivation for an evaluation of the sponge science community and research, over time and at present. Observed changes included a decrease in proceedings publications on sponge fossils and freshwater sponges, sponges from temperate environments, review papers and data syntheses, frequency of aquarium studies, and number of species investigated per publication. Publications on recent sponges, hexactinellids, calcareans, marine, Indo‐Pacific and warm‐water sponges increased, as well as the number of authors per publication and the proportion of field studies. Studies at the level of specimens and ultrastructure were gradually replaced by molecular approaches, but studies at the community level remained stable. The five sub‐disciplines morphology/taxonomy, phylogeny/evolution, physiology, ecology and faunistics also retained about equal proportions over time. Conference publications related to taxonomy, phylogeny and biodiversity prevailed, whereas those on management and conservation were rare, possibly because studies on sponge recovery, survival and mortality were also scarce. The community of sponge scientists has grown and become more diverse over time, presently representing 72 nations. The gender distribution evened out since the first sponge conference and presently favours women at early and men at late career stages. Although stated research interests are generally dominated by physiology and ecology, taxonomy and evolution are favoured after retirement. Sponge science has become more dynamic, but maybe also more competitive and less inclusive. We now face the dual challenge of safeguarding against the loss of some sub‐disciplines, and fostering the collaborative, helpful culture characteristic of sponge science.     

Business case for mussel aquaculture in offshore wind farms in the North Sea

The European Blue Growth strategy aims to expand the new maritime sectors of aquaculture, energy, biotechnology, coastal tourism and mineral mining. Growth of these sectors will increases pressure on the seas, particularly on those areas that are densely used by traditional sectors such as fisheries and transport. This has triggered interest in developing multiuse of space and multiuse platforms at sea. This paper assesses the feasibility of offshore mussel production project in wind farms by design and ex-ante evaluation of a mussel aquaculture system in the North Sea. A system for mussel cultivation in the Dutch Borssele offshore wind farm was designed, producing both mussel seed and consumption-sized mussels with semi-submerged longlines. Based on the economic model and the risk assessment, this paper concludes that mussel aquaculture is an appealing commercial model for increased returns in offshore wind farms. The economic models shows that the internal rate of return and net present value are positive and based on the sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that these results are robust.