The Effects of Annual Harvesting on the Subsequent Phytomass and Species Composition of Grassland and Fernland: A Hong Kong Case

Anthropogenic grasslands mixed with fern and shrubland, on scales from metres to kilometres, are widespread in tropical Southeast Asia, and especially in southern China and adjoining regions where harvesting for domestic fuel is a major factor in their maintenance. Baseline surveys in grassland and fernland in 1989–90 and resurveys in 2001 of three 6 × 20 m plots in Wong Chuk Yuen, Hong Kong, showed substantial change in species composition and total aboveground phytomass as a result of annual harvesting, with more pronounced change in the fernland. Under harvesting pressure, the species composition of the grassland changed considerably, though the proportions of the various life‐forms did not. Ischaemum spp. and Miscanthus floridulus increased whereas Themeda gigantea died out while the proportion of other grass species remained much the same. Under the same regime the species composition and life‐forms of the fernland changed markedly. The proportion of Dicranopteris fern dropped substantially, though still comprising a third of the phytomass by 2001. The shrub Melastoma survived harvesting. A firebreak cut in the fernland became grassy under annual harvesting and remained grassy six years after cutting ceased. The annual harvests from the growth‐years 1991–2000 showed a substantial though variable increase in total phytomass. Analyses relating harvested phytomass with various climatic parameters showed no significant correlations. Some possible reasons for this are suggested. Although annual harvesting was clearly sustainable over the ten years of observation, the question of continued sustainability on sites harvested for centuries, the situation in much of southern China and parts of upland mainland Southeast Asia, remains unresolved.     

哈尔滨沙尘暴沉降物特征研究

从沉积学角度对哈尔滨2002年3月20日的沙尘暴沉降物进行了粒度组成和化学成分分析。研究结果表明,沙尘含有大量的粗颗粒物质,表现出明显的三峰分布特征,说明它是由多种成因的组分构成。其粒度组成以粉砂(4~8Ф)为主,占71.18%,大于4Ф的砂粒组分占21.69%,小于8Ф的粘土组分仅占7.13%,平均粒径Mz为5.14Ф。沙尘主要化学成分为SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3,三者之和达77.8%。Mg、K、Si、Fe、Mn、P、Ti、Co、Ni、V等元素的富集因子都在1左右,主要是地壳来源;Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Se等元素有一部分来自于地壳源之外的其他污染源;而As、Cd和Sb元素主要来自于大气污染源。粒度组成、化学组成及富集因子、判别函数、物源指数等分析表明,哈尔滨沙尘的粒度及元素组成明显异于兰州黄土及沙尘,其沙尘源区不同于西北黄土及兰州沙尘。强风作用下较粗颗粒的沙尘就地扬起,与长距离搬运的粉尘相互混合,形成了哈尔滨沙尘暴沉降物。     

Effects of Prosopis juliflora Invasion on Native Species Diversity and Woody Species Regenerations in Rangelands of Afar National Regional State,Northeast Ethiopia

Investigation of the invasion of Prosopis juliflora and its effects on indigenous plant species are important for the control of the species. The study aimed to assess: (1) the effects of Prosopis juliflora invasion on the diversity of plant species in Awash Fentale and Amibara Woredas; (2) the effects of Prosopis juliflora invasion on the regeneration potential of native woody species. Sample collection was performed in habitats of Prosopis juliflora thicket, Prosopis juliflora mixed with native species stands, non-invaded woodlands, and open grazing lands. The vegetation was stratified into invasion levels of Prosopis juliflora and then a random sampling technique for data collection. Among species of plants, the highest proportion of species, 75 (47.8%), was recorded under non-invaded woodlands, but the lowest proportion of species, 22 (14%), was recorded under open grazing lands. The invasion of Prosopis juliflora reduced the Shannon diversity index. The mean values of the Shannon diversity index and species richness under Prosopis juliflora mixed with native species (H′=2.22, R=14) and non-invaded woodlands (H′=2.23, R=13) were significantly higher than Prosopis juliflora thicket (H′=1.96, R=12) and open grazing lands (H′=1.84, R=10). The highest total density (358 stems ha^?1) of seedlings was recorded under Prosopis juliflora mixed with native species. But, the lowest total density (153 stems ha^?1) of seedlings was recorded under Prosopis juliflora thickets. Moreover, 102 trees ha^?1 native woody species were recorded under Prosopis juliflora thicket, but 1252 trees ha^?1 native species were recorded under non-invaded woodlands. If the invasion of Prosopis juliflora and its effects on native species diversity continue coupled with a drier climate, plant diversity of the Afar flora region will be highly affected and its ecosystem services will be under question. Thus, the participation of all stakeholders and multidisciplinary research approaches should be designed for the management of the species and rehabilitation of the rangelands in the region.     

我国物流业发展与布局的特点及对策探讨

目前物流是世界各国经济发展的一个热点和新增长点 ,我国也开始日益重视物流产业的发展。本文作者在简述国内外物流产业发展背景的基础上 ,详细地探讨了国内外物流理论研究与物流业发展的水平和历史进程 ,分析了我国目前物流业发展的具体特点 (包括存在问题、发展现状和与国外的差距等方面 ) ,并同时从总体格局、东中西部差距、南北方差异、城乡差异和发展趋势等五个方面具体讨论了我国物流产业的布局现状和分布特征。最后针对我国物流业发展的特点和布局现状 ,提出了我国物流业进一步发展的具体措施与建议。     

基于分形理论的长株潭城市群空间结构特征研究

运用分形理论,对长株潭城市群空间结构进行定量分析.研究结果表明,长株潭城市群 13个市、县的空间结构显示出分形特征,且表现为明显的轴线特征,分布在京广 铁路、湘黔铁路、石长铁路、浙赣-醴茶铁路及319国道和京珠高速等主要交通轴线上,是 长株潭城市群产业集中分布的主要轴线.从各市、县之间的联系和扩散效应分析,以长沙市 区为核心的城市群空间结构形成朝4个不同方向扩散延伸的态势.此外,城市群区域范围内各市、县之间的交通网络发育较为成熟,整体通达性较好.     

辽宁省电线积冰特征与电网冰区划分研究

采用辽宁省11个电线积冰观测气象站1980-2007年的观测资料,分析了辽宁省电线积冰现象的特点,并结合历史电网冰灾事故调查情况及易发生冰灾事故的气候特点对辽宁省电网冰区进行了初步划分.结果表明:电线积冰现象的空间分布不均匀,大致具有辽东南、东北、辽东湾东北岸地区电线积冰现象较多的特点,且大部分地区雾凇日数多于雨凇;电线积冰日数的年际间波动较大,可发生在10月至次年4月,1月最多,11月雨凇明显居多.气象站观测到的最大冰厚、直径、冰重分别为53mm、68 mm和196 g,折算成最大标准冰厚、100 a一遇最大设计冰厚为6.6、7.8 mm.各地观测到的最大冰重多以雨凇出现,最长连续时间为4 d;气温低于0℃时,雨凇形成一般具有降雨和降温过程,雾凇形成一般具有空气湿度高、风速小的特点.2007年3月4日,红沿河核电厂气象站记录到辽宁省历史以来所观测记录到的最强电线积冰事件,其标准冰厚为25.7 mm,属重冰程度.可将辽宁全省30a、50 a一遇冰区均划分为轻冰区,而位于辽东湾东部的营口、盖州、熊岳、瓦房店沿海一带为100 a一遇的中冰区,红沿河核电厂附近地区为100 a一遇的重冰区.     

方解石矿物包裹体中水的氢同位素组成在线测试方法

水是矿物流体包裹体的重要组成,承载着流体性质和演化信息。提取矿物包裹体中水的方法主要有真空破碎法及爆裂法。为了减少真空破碎法表面积增大引起水的吸附以及爆裂法在高温下发生同位素交换反应,本文自制了一个在线提取装置,以高纯He作为载气,与高温裂解装置—稳定同位素质谱仪(EA/HT-IRMS)相连,进行一系列的条件实验,确认了方解石矿物包裹体中水的氢同位素组成在线测试的关键技术参数。实验证实,当爆裂温度为420℃、爆裂时间为5 min、含水量为0.1～0.3μL时,利用在线提取装置—EA/HT-IRMS对方解石矿物包裹体中水的δD进行测试的精密度优于±1.5‰(1σ)。相对于传统离线分析方法,本方法实现方解石矿物包裹体中水的在线提取及氢同位素组成的在线测试,简化了操作流程,并提高实验测试效率。     

哈尔滨沙尘暴的化学特征及其物质源探讨

对哈尔滨2002年3月20日的沙尘沉降物进行了收集。地球化学元素分析表明,哈尔滨沙尘暴沉降物化学成分以SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3为主,三者之和达77.8%,比兰州沙尘暴沉积物高8.72%,比兰州黄土高7.06%。V、Rb、Nb、Ba等微量元素含量要明显高于兰州沙尘,而Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sr则低于兰州沙尘。Ca、Na、Sr元素的富集因子明显小于1,为亏损元素;Mg、K、Si、Fe、Mn、P、Ti、Co、Ni、V等元素的富集因子都在1左右,主要是地壳来源,来源于地表土的风力起尘。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Se等元素有一部分来自于地壳源之外的其他污染源;As、Cd和Sb元素的富集因子大于10,为大气污染来源。沙尘的化学组成及富集因子、判别函数、物源指数、地表土的粘粒率、化学风化指标等分析表明,西北黄土的元素组成非常接近兰州沙尘,而明显不同于哈尔滨沙尘,哈尔滨沙尘源区不同于西北黄土及兰州沙尘,其气候生物状况和化学风化程度要明显好于或高于西北沙尘源区。     

一体化旅游区(ITR)空间发展战略研究——以长江三角洲旅游区为例

以长三角旅游区为例,对其一体化进程的形成演变、空间特征及空间发展战略进行了研究。研究表明,一体化是指为谋求要素资源、市场与产业系统在整体空间内重新配置,并获得更多比较利益、互补利益和选择利益而进行的整合过程,区域旅游一体化不仅有助于促进旅游要素合理集聚,发挥近邻效应、分工效应、结构效应和"场"效应,而且还有助于强化区域产业空间优势和优化功能结构。规划建设一体化旅游区,不仅需要大力加强要素、空间和产业竞争力的发展规划,同时也需要不断完善一体化主体、领域和机制,进而提升一体化旅游区整体竞争力。     

流沙河流域不同土地退化程度下植物分布特征

根据野外植物调查的分析数据，对流沙河流域干旱河谷不同土地退化程度下植物分布特征进行了研究。结果表明，调查样方中分布的植物共33科57属60种。禾本科（Gramlneae）、菊科（Compositae）、蔷薇科（Rosogetle）、豆科（Legumlnosae）、漆树科（anaeardiaceae）、松科（Pinaceae）、十字花科（cn伽）、桑科（Moraceae）以及马桑科（Corlarlaceae）等9科植物共34种，占所有样方物种数的56．67％，其中早生植物占79．41％，体现了干旱河谷植被的特征。方差分析结果表明，不同土地退化程度之间的物种丰富度差异不显著，但呈现对照（无明显退化）〉重度退化〉中度退化〉轻度退化的趋势；而生物量和盖度均存在极显著差异，其均值均以对照最高，重度退化下最低。人为干扰和海拔通过人为活动强度或气候差异影响不同土地退化程度下的物种丰富度、生物量以及盖度。