Characterization of differential throughfall drop size distributions beneath European beech and Norway spruce

Forest canopies present irregular surfaces that alter both the quantity and spatiotemporal variability of precipitation inputs. The drop size distribution (DSD) of rainfall varies with rainfall event characteristics and is altered substantially by the forest stand properties. Yet, the influence of two major European tree species, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), on throughfall DSD is largely unknown. In order to assess the impact of these two species with differing canopy structures on throughfall DSD, two optical disdrometers, one above and one below the canopy of each European beech and Norway spruce, measured DSD of both incident rainfall and throughfall over 2 months at a 10‐s resolution. Fractions of different throughfall categories were analysed for single‐precipitation events of different intensities. While penetrating the canopies, clear shifts in drop size and temporal distributions of incoming rainfall were observed. Beech and spruce, however, had different DSD, behaved differently in their effect on diameter volume percentiles as well as width of drop spectrum. The maximum drop sizes under beech were higher than under spruce. The mean ± standard deviation of the median volume drops size (D50) over all rain events was 2.7 ± 0.28 mm for beech and 0.80 ± 0.04 mm for spruce, respectively. In general, there was a high‐DSD variability within events indicating varying amounts of the different throughfall fractions. These findings help to better understand the effects of different tree species on rainfall partitioning processes and small‐scale variations in subcanopy rainfall inputs, thereby demonstrating the need for further research in high‐resolution spatial and temporal properties of rainfall and throughfall.     

A geostatistical model for estimating edge effects and cumulative human disturbance in wetlands and coastal waters

ABSTRACT

The modification of landscapes for agriculture, residential housing, and other human uses has the potential to alter ecosystem function, reduce native biodiversity, and to diminish the capacity of natural systems to provide essential goods and services. Resultantly, methods aimed at quantifying disturbance intensity at the intersection of anthropogenic and natural lands are important to applied aspects of landscape planning and natural resource management, as well as theoretical facets of spatial ecology. Tools to appraise human disturbance in wetlands and coastal waters are especially needed because the topographic settings of surface waters make them particularly susceptible to pollutant accumulation, hydrologic alteration, and other influences from the surrounding landscape. Assuming a water resources focus, we developed a novel geostatistical method to quantify and visualize edge effects and cumulative human disturbance for all wetlands and coastal waters in the State of Florida (USA). Model validation revealed that estimated disturbance intensity was strongly correlated to species richness, levels of heavy metal contamination, and persistent organic pollutant concentration. The presented modeling framework offers a flexible means to assess human disturbance across spatial scales and could be readily applied to prioritize conservation land acquisition and to anticipate future impacts from the proposed development.     

MICP技术联合多孔硅吸附材料对锌铅复合污染土固化/稳定化修复的试验研究

近年来,工业和科技的快速发展使得重金属污染土固化/稳定化的修复研究成为热点。运用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术联合吸附材料对锌铅复合重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化的修复,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,评价处理前后污染土的固化效果与重金属的稳定化效果,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段,揭示MICP技术处理锌铅重金属污染土的修复机制。研究结果表明,采用MICP技术对锌铅重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化之后,可以有效降低污染土中有害重金属的浸出性。当矿化时间为10d时,试样无侧限抗压强度为942.5k Pa;铅的浸出浓度为4.20mg/L,比未处理时降低了44.81%;锌的浸出浓度为4.31mg/L,比未处理时降低了46.19%,效果显著。在此基础上,添加10%的多孔硅吸附材料后,试样无侧限抗压强度可达到1 021 kPa,强度提高了8.3%;铅的浸出浓度为2.45mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了67.81%,与单纯MICP方法处理时相比,铅浸出浓度被二次降低了41.67%;锌的浸出浓度仅为2.93 mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了63.4%,与单纯...     

有机污染物在含土工膜复合隔离墙和含水层系统的运移半解析模型

为评估土工膜与土-膨润土组成的复合隔离墙对有机污染物的防污性能,建立了污染物在源区域发生降解扩散时透过复合隔离墙的一维瞬态扩散模型。通过拉普拉斯变换和Talbot数值反演获得了模型解。第3类入流边界条件下,考虑源区的扩散和降解时,第1类隔离墙(土工膜/土-膨润土)和第2类隔离墙(土-膨润土/土工膜/土-膨润土)100 a的击穿浓度分别较源浓度恒定时减少了59%和53%。由于假设土工膜渗透系数高于10^–12 m/s,污染物在复合隔离墙中的对流作用不能忽略,因此,采用第2类复合隔离墙使土-膨润土能更好地发挥主导隔离作用。将土工膜的渗透系数从10^–10 m/s减少到10^–16 m/s,第1类复合隔离墙的击穿时间从26 a增加到188 a,第2类复合隔离墙的击穿时间从32 a增加到81 a。利用抽水井调整墙体内外为负水头差及提高源区的污染物降解能力,可使隔离墙的防污性能得到较大提升。     

九寨沟震后核心景区崩滑堆积体冲刷启动机制研究

2017年九寨沟震后核心景区广泛发育崩滑堆积体,震后3年间受降雨影响下坡面泥石流频发,严重威胁景区恢复重建。为了研究坡面径流冲刷对崩滑堆积体启动的影响,基于2017－2020年的持续跟踪调查与高分辨率遥感影像解译,利用现场冲刷试验及原位监测,分析了径流冲刷条件下堆积体的渗流响应特征、侵蚀运移过程及冲刷启动机制。结果表明：（1）冲刷过程中坡面物质以下蚀、面蚀、溯源侵蚀及侧蚀为主,湿润锋下移致使坡体内体积含水率与孔隙水压力增大,达到峰值后处于动态稳定状态,而基质吸力则先小幅度波动后不断减小。（2）崩滑堆积体具有坡度陡、土体孔隙间细粒含量多、渗透性良好且抗冲刷能力弱等特征,在强烈的水动力条件下启动演化过程为先期渗透→铲刮滑流→快速堆积→局部饱和侵蚀?稳定。（3）不同饱和状态下堆积体启动的力学分析与现场试验监测结果较为一致,并结合冲刷试验成果认为,土体含水率升高、孔隙水压力急剧增大、基质吸力快速减小与高强度径流冲刷是堆积体启动之机制所在。该研究结果对于震后泥石流活动的长期效应预测与生态治理具有重要意义。     

松辽盆地西缘白城地区土壤油气地球化学特征及综合评价

松辽盆地西缘土壤油气化探工作采用酸解烃法、紫外光谱法、荧光光谱法等分析测试方法,总结白城地区近地表甲烷、重烃、芳烃及其衍生物和蚀变碳酸盐的地球化学异常特征,圈定出七棵树Ⅰ级综合异常和前进马场Ⅲ级综合异常.七棵树Ⅰ级综合异常具有异常强度高、规模大的特征,异常区是白城地区最有利含油气远景区,且已有钻孔镇深1井取得较好的油气显示,是进一步勘探的主要方向.前进马场Ⅲ级综合异常规模小,指标组合简单,但强度较高,值得进一步关注.     

震后坡面松散堆积体失稳水力学机理研究

为研究震后强降雨条件下沟道泥石流产生的力学机制及水力学机理,以都江堰市龙池镇银洞子泥石流沟为研究对象,构建坡面松散堆积体地下水位变化水力模型,按照水力学渗流理论,分析了震后泥石流形成区坡面松散堆积体内潜水位变化的特征和规律,定量研究了动静水压力对坡体的作用特点。根据理论分析、实例验证与物理模拟试验的研究结果,获得了对坡面松散物源启动力学机理、启动临界条件及启动模式的深刻认识: ①在强降雨激发作用下,随着坡体内潜水位不断升高,水力条件不断恶化,最终导致坡面松散堆积体发生失稳破坏; ②堆积体内潜水位高度是坡面面积(S)、稳态降雨强度(I),坡体几何参数、导水系数(TD)等参数的综合函数,S、I越大,则潜水层厚度( H)越大,反之,当坡面集雨面积和稳态激发降雨强度一定时,导水系数、坡体宽度和潜水面倾角越大,则坡体内产生潜水层垂直厚度越低; ③随着坡体内静水压力(P)增加,堆积体基底抗滑力将会降低; 随着坡体内动水压力(Gd)增加,坡体下滑力将会增加; ④根据剩余下滑力的存在形式,震后坡面松散堆积体的启动模式可分为2种,即坡体整体启动的推移式失稳和分段解体启动的牵引式失稳。研究成果可为沟道泥石流的超前预警提供理论及技术支持。     

云南小江断裂东支活动性分析及工程场地稳定性评价

小江断裂延伸长、次生断裂交错分布多,使得区域内重大工程难以避免活动断裂带的影响,因此活动断裂的活动强弱以及场地稳定性是区域重大工程建设面临的主要工程稳定性问题。为了查清活动断裂对公路工程场地的影响,笔者等基于小江断裂地质构造背景,充分利用既有研究成果资料,重点研究区域构造环境和断裂特征,通过地质调绘、物理探测、年代学测试,结合对前人资料的系统梳理,计算分析了小江断裂中段东支活动速率,初步判定断裂活动程度;并综合考虑断裂活动性、地震烈度、岩体特性等因素,对工程场地稳定性进行分级。结果表明,小江断裂东支平均水平位移速率为6.6 mm/a,判定为强活动断裂,区域工程场地稳定性划分为极不稳定区;认为强烈活动性断裂两侧各10 km区域内对工程的影响最为严重,为公路工程场地选址和抗震设计提供了理论和数据支持。     

湖南钨矿成矿密度、成矿强度规律及定量分析

在整理湖南73处钨矿床资料的基础上,通过成矿区带划分、控矿因素归纳、重要钨矿成矿区带的成矿密度和成矿强度的定量分析,将湖南钨矿区带划分为5个Ⅲ级成矿区（带）、12个Ⅳ级成矿亚带（区）、20个矿集区。梳理Ⅳ级各成矿亚带（区）的矿床分布特征可知,万洋山—诸广山成矿区（Ⅲ-83-5）钨矿床数量最多,资兴—宜章成矿区（Ⅲ-83-4）的成矿强度最强,达212.74 t/km2。各矿集区矿床分布特征显示,千里山—骑田岭钨矿集区（Ⅲ-83-4-a）有9处钨矿床,矿床数量最多;瑶岗仙钨矿集区（Ⅲ-83-5-c）成矿密度、成矿强度均位居矿集区首位。燕山期为钨矿成矿的高峰期,该期形成的WO3累计查明资源量占全省累计查明资源量的78.78%。     

二连盆地乌兰花凹陷烃源灶表征及其对油气分布的控制

乌兰花凹陷是近年来在二连盆地南部新发现的富油凹陷,但南北两个洼槽探明的油气资源差异明显。为了准确评价乌兰花凹陷的油气资源潜力,系统地分析了乌兰花凹陷烃源灶特征,讨论了烃源灶与油藏分布的关系。研究表明,乌兰花凹陷阿尔善组至腾一上段发育C、D/E和F相源岩,受构造-层序演化的影响,南北洼槽倾油型(C相)源岩发育层段存在明显差异,南洼槽C相源岩主要发育在阿尔善组,腾一上段和下段以D/E相源岩为主,而北洼槽阿尔善组至腾一上段均发育C相源岩。多口探井热史标定结果表明,乌兰花凹陷烃源岩成熟门限在2000 m左右,南洼槽仅阿尔善组烃源岩进入成熟阶段,阿尔善组C相源岩排油强度为0.5～7.9MMT/km2,为凹陷的主力烃源岩,而北洼槽阿尔善组C相烃源岩主要发育在阿尔善组上段,成熟度较低,最大值仅为0.78%Ro,烃源灶排烃强度小于0.2 MMT/km2,不能形成规模性的油藏。乌兰花凹陷探明的原油均在南洼槽,且集中在烃源灶周围,表现为近源聚集。