QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FAULT ACTIVITY BASED ON HIGH-PRECISION AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA: A CASE OF XIAOHONGSHAN FAULT IN XIANGSHAN-TIANJINGSHAN FAULT ZONE

High-precision and high-resolution topography are the basis of quantitative study of active tectonics. Traditional methods are mainly interpreted from the remote sensing image and can only obtain two-dimensional, medium-resolution DEM(5~10m grid unit)or local three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics. A combination of offset and micro-relief information is essential for understanding the long-term rupture pattern of faults, such as in seismic hazard evaluation. The recently developed high-resolution light detection and ranging(LiDAR)technology can directly carry out high-precision and omni-directional three-dimensional measurement of the landform, and provide fine geomorphologic data for the study of active tectonics, which is helpful to deepen the understanding of surface rupture process and fault activity characteristics. In this study, we take part of the Xiaohongshan Fault, the western segment of Xiangshan-Tianjingshan Fault located in Gansu Province(NE Tibet), as an example of how LiDAR data may be used to improve the study of active faults. Using the airborne LiDAR technology, we obtain the three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics with high accuracy and establish the three-dimensional topographic model of the fault geomorphic. A high-resolution digital elevation model(DEM)of the Jingtai-Xiaohongshan Fault was extracted based on high-precision LiDAR data. Then the faulted geomorphic markers(gullies, ridges and terraces)were measured in detail along the fault, and different offset clusters and long-term sliding vector of different segments of the fault were finally acquired. We obtained the 82 horizontal displacements and 62 vertical displacements of geomorphic markers. According to the offset amounts, we observed peaks in the histogram by using the method of cumulative offset probability density and interpreted that each peak may represent an earthquake that ruptured the Xiaohongshan Fault. The results show that the horizontal and vertical displacements fall into five clusters, and the smallest cluster may indicate the coseismic slip of the most recent earthquake, while the other clusters may represent the slip accumulation of multiple preceding earthquakes. The sliding vectors constrained by the horizontal and vertical displacement of several typical geomorphic markers show obvious differences on different segments of the fault. The results show that the fault segment is divided into three segments from west to east, which indicates that the fault activity is not uniform along the fault.     

ON THE NECESSITY OF APPLYING A ROTATION TO INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN RIVER FLOWS

In studies on river channel flow turbulence, it is often the case that the measured mean vertical velocity is different from zero, indicating that the frame of reference of the current meter is not parallel to the flow streamline. This situation affects the estimate of Reynolds shear stress in the streamwise and vertical planes and consequently the analysis of the flow turbulent structure. One way to solve this problem is to correct data by applying a rotation and this is reviewed in the first part of the paper. However, in fluvial geomorphology, the studied flow is often complex and streamlines may exhibit significant changes from one point of measurement to the other. In this context, applying a rotation complicates the situation more than it simplifies it. The second part of this paper examines the question of velocity data correction in complex flows using a field example of the turbulent boundary layer over a very rough gravel bed and a laboratory example taken from flow at a river channel confluence. In both cases, velocity vectors are spatially variable. In the first case, errors in the Reynolds shear stress estimates are relatively low (ranging from −13 to 7 per cent/deg) while in the second case, they are much larger (−200 to 164 per cent/deg). The significance of these errors on the interpretation of turbulence statistics in river channel flows is discussed. We propose that corrections should be applied in all clear cases of sensor misalignment and when the frame of reference changes spatially and temporally. However, no corrections should be used where different flow velocity vector orientations, not sensor misalignment, are responsible for the mean vertical velocity differing from zero.     

试论复杂地质体的油气地震勘探

论述了我国油气勘探工作中反射地震的发展历程,指出地震勘探中信噪比与分辨率之间的矛盾,针对中国前新生代海相残留盆地具有埋藏深、演化历史长、经受地质作用多,以致地表和地下条件都很复杂的特点,〖HT5”H〗提出了复杂地质体油气地震勘探的理念和方法途径〖HT5”K〗.我国油气资源多存储于复杂地质体如生物礁、鲕滩、风化壳、古潜山等储集体之中.不能完全搬用陆相油气勘探的经验.应在活动论大地构造理论指导下,根据“区域约束局部,深层制约浅层”的勘探经验,探索测区的时空演化规律,设计复杂地质体的观测系统,采取高密度连续采集技术,获取反射地震资料,再进行高分辨率与高信噪比的处理,从而使地震采集、处理与解释一体化,减轻山地采集困难,获取深部成像资料,在新的高度上寻找在复杂地质体中的油气资源.使地震勘探能在中国油气二次创业中发挥重要作用.     

施力方式对半地堑反转构造变形特征影响的物理模拟实验研究

根据断层的上下盘施力方式的不同设计了两组实验,以探讨在刚性边界条件下的半地堑反转构造的变形特点。实验结果表明(1)在自由边界基底驱动下形成的盆地反转规模较大,刚性边界处会沿原断层发生反转,而在自由端断层不会反转,但会形成深部低角度逆冲滑脱断层;(2)在刚性下盘侧向驱动下很小的挤压量就会形成盆地的反转,但是反转的范围较小,随着原设边界断层的角度由小到大,盆地内的断层会发生由刚性边界处单侧发生反转到两侧边界断层发生近对称式反转的变化;(3)实验结果证实了辽河坳陷西部凹陷反转构造是在刚性下盘为主动盘挤压变形下形成的。     

临邑凹陷辉绿岩中石油包裹体形成条件与油气成藏研究

在临邑凹陷商河地区,商52井浅成辉绿岩侵入体中发现大量黄色和黄绿色荧光的石油包裹体,主要赋存在长石解理、裂隙中,多数为十分细小的纯液态的石油包裹体。测得其中部分粒径较大的石油包裹体的均一温度th=79～82℃,表明这些石油包裹体是辉绿岩体侵入Es3地层冷却以后受地层水作用在发生的多种蚀变反应的过程中长石的节理、裂隙愈合带封存了渗入的烃类物质而形成的。石油包裹体的PVTsim模拟计算结果表明,捕获温度ttr为88.6～92.1℃,捕获压力ptr为22.2～23.0MPa。与本区沙三段地层砂岩储层中石油包裹体捕获温度、捕获压力的对比结果表明两类石油包裹体的成藏条件基本相似。本区玄武岩-辉绿岩中的油气藏,实际上是特殊岩性储层的油气藏,其勘探前景主要受临邑凹陷多孔隙、裂隙的火成岩分布规模与沟通烃源岩的断裂和各种圈闭的控制。     

珠江深水扇系统沉积和周边重要地质事件

最近的研究发现了位于南海北部珠江口外白云凹陷陆坡深水区的珠江深水扇系统。珠江深水扇系统以珠江为沉积物源、以持续深沉降的白云凹陷为沉积古地理背景、以与全球海退型海平面相反的相对海侵型海平面变化的沉积层序构成了其发育演化的特殊性,并留下了控制沉积的周边重要事件的记录。23.8 Ma等界面沉积速率和岩石地球化学特征均有突变,反映出物源区的变化,可能折射出与青藏高原隆升、南海扩张有关的重要事件,使得古珠江骤然向西部高原拓展,甚至较今天的珠江流域范围还广阔;承载珠江深水扇系统的白云凹陷持续沉降形成了陆坡内盆地,导致21~10.5 Ma BP多个层序深水扇垂向叠置充填的特殊沉积建造;根据60多口井资料建立的相对海平面变化曲线,具有与全球海平面变化相一致的三级旋回和不一致的二级旋回。如果能对珠江深水扇系统实施综合大洋钻探获取更为全面和准确的资料,开展珠江深水扇沉积作用与白云凹陷沉降的深部机制、珠江流域演化、海侵型相对海平面变化的耦合性等研究,将有利于揭示南海扩张、边缘海沉积、海平面变化、中国西部高原隆升事件的相关联系和形成机制。     

地震预报的科学哲学与方法论探索——50年回眸与前瞻

地震预报是具高度复杂性的世界科学难题。以我国50余年实践中的问题为导向,以其揭示的自然现象为依托,从科学哲学及方法论视角,回顾经验归纳、还原论动力学、归纳-演绎和复杂动力系统等方法。通过汶川、唐山等震例探讨认识论因素在预测预报中的重要作用。进入地球系统科学新时期,建议以大陆变形复杂动力系统演化及其地震行为、经验与数值预测桥梁的图像（斑图）动力学作为地震预报的自然观和方法论。它们虽不完善,但更贴近大自然的整体性、进化性和非线性本质,又能包容连接多种思路与方法;既具前瞻性,又具可操作性;地震具可预测性,又具预测的不完全确定性;预测→预报→减轻灾害尚存在颇大的可创新空间。     

城市旅游综合体土地利用空间格局演变及驱动机制——以西安曲江为例

判识城市旅游综合体用地格局的演变规律及驱动机制,对于优化城市功能结构和构建城市现代服务体系具有重要意义。本文以西安曲江城市旅游综合体为例,采用土地利用变化指数模型和GIS分析技术,探究其用地分异过程及机制。结果显示,曲江由农业生产和村居功能为主导的乡镇聚落,转变为以旅游功能为核心、多元用地形态圈层布局的城市旅游综合体过程中,其用地形态共经历了均质无序、极化–扩散和均衡集约三个阶段。而这一演化过程,实则是在土地差异化增值形成级差地租的条件下,多元用地主体理性选择的结果。文章认为,保证城市旅游综合体合理的发展用地、有序实现土地增值及发挥地价杠杆的调节作用,是实现城市旅游综合体土地集约利用和功能协同发展的根本前提。     

全球人才流动网络复杂性的时空演化——基于全球高校留学生流动数据

高质量的人才跨越地理的流动影响和驱动着全球范围内的创新活动,正在重塑世界经济格局。研究基于全球高校留学生流动数据,构建加权有向网络模型,对2001—2015年全球人才流动网络复杂性时空演化进行全面刻画。主要结论如下：① 全球人才流动网络规模迅速扩大,网络发育具有明显的小世界性,两级分化显著。② 全球人才流动网络呈典型“金字塔结构”特征,基本呈“东向西,南到北”的地理格局,新兴国家作为人才吸纳国的角色逐渐上升。③ 全球人才流动网络核心-边缘结构显著,核心国家间存在较强的关系流,边缘国家间联系较弱,其人才主要流向了核心国家和半边缘国家。④ 全球人才流动网络分化成美国社团、欧盟社团、中国社团、南美和南非社团、马来西亚社团、独联体社团等6个凝聚子群。     

科尔沁沙地梯级生态带水热通量变化特征及气候学足迹

荒漠化地区水热通量变化特征和气候学足迹对理解干旱、半干旱区气候变化及水分循环具有重要意义。以科尔沁沙地一条梯级生态带为研究区,运用2017年3-12月大孔径闪烁仪和自动气象站数据对研究区不同时间尺度水热通量和通量源区的动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明：水热通量日变化特征明显,各分支能量占比不同。晴天近地表能量各项分支曲线均呈显著单峰状,多云天水热通量变化无显著规律;水热通量季节变化显著,夏季显热通量值小于春季、秋季和冬季,潜热通量夏季最大,其次为春季和秋季,冬季最小;小时尺度和日尺度上源区变化较大;季节尺度上,源区面积春季 > 秋季 > 夏季,季节尺度间源区差异较小时尺度和日尺度降低;结合梯级生态带内下垫面类型看,生长季源区以光径中段的玉米农田占比最大,沙丘和草甸下垫面次之,光径内小型湖泊所占源区比例较小。不同月份各下垫面类型占比略有不同。