Field evidence,mineral chemical and geochemical constraints on mafic-felsic magma interactions in a vertically zoned magma chamber from the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of Eastern India

The Nimchak granite pluton (NGP) of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC), Eastern India, provides ample evidence of magma interaction in a plutonic regime for the first time in this part of the Indian shield. A number of outcrop level magmatic structures reported from many mafic-felsic mixing and mingling zones worldwide, such as synplutonic dykes, mafic magmatic enclaves and hybrid rocks extensively occur in our study domain. From field observations it appears that the Nimchak pluton was a vertically zoned magma chamber that was intruded by a number of mafic dykes during the whole crystallization history of the magma chamber leading to magma mixing and mingling scenario. The lower part of the pluton is occupied by coarse-grained granodiorite (64.84–66.61?wt.% SiO₂), while the upper part is occupied by fine-grained granite (69.80–70.57?wt.% SiO₂). Field relationships along with textural and geochemical signatures of the pluton suggest that it is a well-exposed felsic magma chamber that was zoned due to fractional crystallization. The intruding mafic magma interacted differently with the upper and lower granitoids. The lower granodiorite is characterized by mafic feeder dykes and larger mafic magmatic enclaves, whereas the enclaves occurring in the upper granite are comparatively smaller and the feeder dykes could not be traced here, except two late-stage mafic dykes. The mafic enclaves occurring in the upper granite show higher degrees of hybridization with respect to those occurring in the lower granite. Furthermore, enclaves are widely distributed in the upper granite, whereas enclaves in the lower granite occur adjacent to the main feeder dykes.Geochemical signatures confirm that the intermediate rocks occurring in the Nimchak pluton are mixing products formed due to the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. A number of important physical properties of magmas like temperature, viscosity, glass transition temperature and fragility have been used in magma mixing models to evaluate the process of magma mixing. A geodynamic model of pluton construction and evolution is presented that shows episodic replenishments of mafic magma into the crystallizing felsic magma chamber from below. Data are consistent with a model whereby mafic magma ponded at the crust-mantle boundary and melted the overlying crust to form felsic (granitic) magma. The mafic magma episodically rose, injected and interacted with an overlying felsic magma chamber that was undergoing fractional crystallization forming hybrid intermediate rocks. The intrusion of mafic magma continued after complete solidification of the magma chamber as indicated by the presence of two late-stage mafic dykes.     

西昆仑北缘沙拉吾如克铜铅矿地质特征及矿床成因浅析

西昆仑北缘沙拉吾如克铜铅矿是区域内较为典型的矿床类型之一,矿体主要赋存于加里东期阿勒玛勒克杂岩体中,受沙拉吾如克断裂的控制。矿石矿物主要有黄铜矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿等,矿石铜铅品位相对较贫,一般Cu含量为0.50%~1.33%(平均0.7%),Pb为0.60%~5.99%(平均0.9%)。铜铅矿石的稀土总量(ΣREE)为83.5×10~(-6)~122×10~(-6),相对围岩(ΣREE为257×10~(-6)~342×10~(-6))来说,明显偏低。铜铅矿石的δEu为0.90~1.04,δCe为0.95~0.96,表现为铕和铈的无异常。含矿岩系稀土元素含量及配分模式显示出成矿元素直接来源于阿勒玛勒克杂岩体,特别是来自晚序次的似斑状石英二长岩或二长花岗岩(均为埃达克岩),矿床类型属于斑岩型矿床,为区域上加里东期成矿事件的产物,与大同一带加里东期铜钼矿的形成具有一致的大陆动力地质学过程,即原特提斯洋(西昆仑北洋)向南俯冲消减,进而引起花岗质岩浆活动并成矿。     

秦-祁构造结合部位陇山岩群中碎屑锆石年代学研究及其地质意义

秦-祁构造结合部位以新阳-元龙大型剪切带为界,北侧的北祁连造山带和南侧的西秦岭造山带的构造线呈斜截关系,致使两侧岩石单元的对比存在困难。陇山岩群位于秦-祁结合部位的北祁连构造单元东端,是一套岩性复杂的中深程度变质杂岩,其形成年代和构造属性一直存在较大的争论。本文重点以陇山岩群中黑云母石英片岩为研究对象,对其中的碎屑锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年。其测年结果明显分为4组,两个主要区间为1 097～795 Ma （49%,峰期年龄约为929 Ma）和2 713～2 265 Ma （21.5%,峰期年龄约为2 435 Ma）,另有两个次级年龄组为575～471 Ma （12%,峰期年龄约为541 Ma）与1 864～1 539 Ma （14%,峰期年龄约为1 717 Ma）。通过最小岩浆峰期年龄和陇山岩群内侵入体的最老年龄初步限定其形成时代介于寒武纪早期-早-中奥陶世（539～454 Ma）,与已报道的晚太古代-早元古代陇山岩群TTG片麻岩形成于不同时代,不属于华北板块南缘基底的沉积岩系。通过与周边构造单元年龄特征峰值的对比研究发现,其新太古代-古元古代（2 713～2 265 Ma）和中元古代（1 864～1 539 Ma）的碎屑物质主要来自华北板块南缘基底,新元古代（1 097～7 95 Ma）的碎屑物质主要来自于北秦岭造山带和中祁连陆块,早古生代（575～471 Ma）的碎屑物质来自于天水-武山构造带,与该洋盆形成过程有关。因此,陇山岩群中黑云母石英片岩的碎屑物源既包括北侧的华北板块南缘基底,又包括南侧的秦岭-祁连造山带,可能形成于早古生代红土堡弧后盆地的形成扩展阶段,与北秦岭东段宽坪岩群副变质岩和二郎坪岩群变沉积岩形成构造环境相似。     

What is Franciscan?: revisited

The Franciscan Complex of California is better understood now than in 1972, when Berkland et al. defined it as a complex and divided it into three geographic belts. A re-evaluation is needed. Belts first served as major architectural units, but they have been abandoned by some and renamed as and subdivided into tectonostratigraphic terranes by others. The Franciscan Complex – considered to be the archetypical accretionary complex by many – is the folded, faulted, and stratally disrupted rock mass comprising the supramantle basement of the California-Southern Oregon Coast Ranges exposed east of the Salinian Block and west of and structurally below principal exposures of the Coast Range Fault, Coast Range Ophiolite, Great Valley Group, and Klamath Mountains. The Complex is dominated by sandstones and mudrocks, but contains mafic oceanic crustal fragments with chert, limestone, and other rock types, and zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, blueschist, and rare amphibolite and eclogite facies metamorphic rocks. Review of historical precedence, new data, available large-scale maps, and fundamental definitions suggest now (1) that the Belt terminology as applied to the entire Franciscan Complex conflicts with current knowledge of Franciscan rocks and architecture; and (2) that most named Franciscan terranes and nappes are inconsistent with basic definitions of those unit types. The major architectural units into which the Franciscan Complex can be divided are accretionary units – mélanges and underthrust sheets. Underthrust sheets can be subdivided into smaller units, e.g. broken formations and olistostromal mélanges, mappable using traditional lithostratigraphic and structural mapping techniques. Unresolved controversies in reconstruction of the nature and history of the accretionary complex relate to specific mélange origins; megathrust versus subduction channel mélange models; chert conundrums; delineation of the ages, subdivisions, and regional architecture of Franciscan units; palinspastic reconstruction of the pre-Late Cenozoic architecture; and reconstruction of the complete histories of accretionary units.     

新疆坡北杂岩体西端镁铁-超镁铁质岩体成因的稀有气体同位素制约

新疆坡北镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体由一个辉长岩体以及二十多个超镁铁质侵入体组成,其中坡一超镁铁质岩体稀有气体同位素组成揭示存在地幔柱的贡献。坡北杂岩体西端的坡一、坡四、坡十和坡十四等几个超镁铁质岩体的稀有气体同位素对比分析结果表明,岩浆矿物的³He/⁴He值（0.26~2.79Ra）分布于地壳与地幔值之间,较高的²⁰Ne/²²Ne和较低的²¹Ne/²²Ne值分布于Ne质量分馏线（MFL）和L-K线之间,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar=295~598。³He/⁴He与⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值揭示坡北杂岩体西端不同超镁铁质岩体形成过程中地幔（柱）、地壳和大气组分的贡献不同,岩体成因也可能不同。其中,坡一岩体具有地幔柱作用的贡献,其他三个岩体的岩石圈地幔及地壳流体组分的贡献较大。岩浆地幔源区由深部地幔柱物质叠加俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔物质所组成,大气与地壳物质组分可能由俯冲再循环洋壳带入到岩浆地幔源区以及围岩物质的混入。     

中天山阿拉塔格环状杂岩体中闪长质包体地球化学与岩浆混合作用

环状杂岩体的岩相分带有多种成因模式。为了查明新疆阿拉塔格环状岩体的成因,本文特就其中暗色包体的成因及其岩浆演化进行探讨。包体分布极不均匀,在酸性岩单元的东南角集中发育,大部分呈浑圆状或次圆状,微细粒结构,部分包体中含有寄主岩石中的长石斑晶。通过对暗色包体主量、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素及单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄测试,认为该环状岩体中的暗色包体主要为闪长质-花岗闪长质岩浆包体,包体SiO_2(56.72%~61.80%)低,K_2O+Na_2O(8.12%~10.55%)高,具有高钾富碱的特征,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列;里特曼指数(σ)为4.59~4.85,稀土元素富集。包体及寄主岩的主量和微量元素协变图呈不同程度的线性关系,而且两者稀土、微量元素曲线形态相近,显示出包体和寄主岩在地球化学特征上既有相似性,又有不同的特点。这种特征表明,环状花岗岩岩浆的形成至少与两种岩桨的混合有关。包体的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)t较低(0.705204~0.705914)、ε_(Nd)(t)=1.65~2.57,全部为正值,揭示包体的原始岩浆为幔源玄武质岩浆。包体和寄主岩石的关系显示岩浆的混合方式为基性岩浆注入到已经开始结晶的酸性岩浆。本研究为环状杂岩体的多种成因过程提供了重要依据,认为其中的环状花岗岩单元为壳源酸性岩浆与幔源基性岩浆混合作用的产物。包体和寄主岩石的特征均反映在晚古生代中天山造山带发生过一定程度的后碰撞地壳垂向生长。     

Dual-tree complex wavelet transform-based image enhancement for accurate long-term change assessment in coal mining areas

The main objective of this study was to improve the long-term land use change detection by improving classification accuracy of previous generation satellite image using a recent super-resolution technique. The study also analysed the change in land cover over a period of 41 years in a coal mining area. A dual-tree complex wavelet transform-based image super-resolution technique was used to enhance Landsat images of 1975 and 2016. Separating pixels with similar spectral response is an enigmatical task, especially when those pixel represent different ground features. Therefore, an advanced neural net supervised classifier was used to minimize classification errors. Accuracy of the classified images (both super-resolved and original) were measured using confusion matrices and kappa coefficients. A significant improvement of more than 10% was observed in the overall classification accuracy for the image of 1975, highlighting that the classification accuracy of earlier generation satellite data can be improved substantially.     

Technological monitoring of subgrade construction on high-temperature permafrost

Three stages of complex technological monitoring for the increase of high-temperature-permafrost soil bearing capacity are described. The feasibility of process monitoring to improve the targeted strength properties of subgrade bases on frozen soils is demonstrated. The rationale for the necessity of predictive modeling of freeze-thaw actions during the subgrade construction period is provided.     

锡田印支-燕山期复式花岗质岩浆-热液活动时限和物质来源

锡田钨锡多金属矿田位于湘赣两省交界,南岭成矿带的北部。锡田花岗岩体是一个复式岩体。本文利用LA-MC-ICP MS技术对8个样品的锆石进行了原位微区U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素测试,结果显示其中有4个为印支期(226~225Ma)、另外4个为燕山期(166~158Ma)。印支期花岗岩锆石的εHf(t)值为-4.6~-10.8,两阶段模式年龄TDM2值为2011~1534Ma,根据是否呈正态分布可分为7组;燕山期花岗岩锆石的εHf(t)值为-4.3~-10,TDM2值为1896~1429Ma,可分为5组。相似的Hf同位素组成表明两期花岗岩具有同源性,均源自古元古代晚期至中元古代早期地壳物质的部分熔融。而εHf(t)值变化范围较大且分成很多组可能更主要受控于源区Hf同位素的不均一性。此外,本文利用40 Ar-39 Ar定年方法测得花岗岩顶部石英脉和云英岩中4个白(金)云母的年龄为150~148Ma,这期与成矿有关的热液作用应该与最晚一期岩浆活动有关。通过本次获得的定年数据和对已有的成岩成矿定年数据的总结,本文认为锡田岩体可以分为三个期次,印支期(226~225Ma),燕山期第一阶段(166~158Ma)和燕山期第二阶段(151~141Ma)。     

中国碱性杂岩的成因及其成矿作用

本文从碱性杂岩的产出和分布、地质特征、地球化学特征、成因、成矿作用几个方面综述了近年来对于我国碱性杂岩的研究成果与进展:(1)岩石学和同位素特征表明,硅不饱和的碱性杂岩类多属地幔低度部分熔融的原始岩浆为主侵位的产物;而硅饱和或过饱和碱性杂岩类多属深源岩浆与陆壳混染的产物。(2)地幔源区的低度部分熔融导致了稀土元素和大离子亲石元素等不相容元素的富集,同时富集的挥发份构成了矿化剂,对成矿具有重要控制作用。(3)深大断裂控制着碱性杂岩的产出,同时伴随着地质历史时期的重要地质事件,中国受深大断裂控制的碱性杂岩带主要有郯城-庐江碱性杂岩带、攀西碱性杂岩带和哀牢山-金沙江碱性杂岩带等9条。