A Systems Perspective on World-Systems Theory

Abstract

This article presents a conceptual framework that embeds ideas from world-systems theory within the larger systemic context known as the theory of dissipative structures. This article creates a theoretical perspective on global capitalism, both geographic and historical, that offers a sufficiently general and flexible model for this particular complex system in human geography. The goal is to provide a perspective that reflects the interconnectedness of individual and separate places into a larger global system that is a single functioning spatial entity. In this view, the modern world-system becomes a culmination of its past and a prologue to its future.     

Using grounded theory to study the difference of place attachment between festival ＆ special event venue and convention ＆ exhibition complex： Cases of venue of International Horticultural Exposition 2011 Xi＇an China and China Import and Export Fair Complex

通过两个典型案例的对比,以2011西安世界园艺博览会园区和广州琶洲国际会展中心为研究区域,采用深度访谈和参与观察等手段获取研究资料,运用扎根理论分别对节事场所和会展场所的场所依赖的维度进行挖掘和提炼,归纳出个体、社会、场所和事件四个主要范畴,在此基础上比较研究节事场所和会展场馆场所依赖的差异。研究发现：观众在节事场所当中把个人视为“游憩者”,节事场所被看作是一个“游憩空间”,具有“根基性场所”的特点,观众在与节事场所的互动中倾向于情感性的依赖;观众在会展场馆当中把个人视为“消费者”,会展场馆被看作是一个“消费空间”,具有“工具性场所”的特点,观众在与会展场所的互动中倾向于功能性的依赖。     

“0811”暴雨过程中MCC与一般暴雨云团的对比分析

利用T639 1°×1°分析场、FY-2红外云图、红外辐射亮温(TBB)、闪电定位和气柱水汽总量等资料,对2010年8月11日发生在山西南部暴雨过程(即"0811"暴雨过程)中的中尺度对流复合体(MCC)和其北部的一般暴雨云团进行了对比分析,结果表明,(1)山西北部暴雨带主要由6个β中尺度对流云团生成、发展及合并造成;山西南部区域性暴雨则由MCC的生成、发展、东移所引发。(2)山西北部的暴雨云团在850hPa暖切变线南部生成和发展,并在地面切变线附近合并;山西南部的MCC由3个β中尺度对流云团发生、发展及合并形成,该对流云团在700hPa次天气尺度切变线上触发生成;MCC发展、成熟阶段,α中尺度云团沿925hPa暖切变线东移;减弱阶段,随西太平洋副热带高压的南退而南压。(3)在西太平洋副热带高压西进北抬的背景下,同一次暴雨过程中,MCC发生在5 880gpm边缘弱的斜压环境中,高层则出现在高压北侧的反气旋环流中;一般暴雨云团发生在5 840gpm边缘较强的斜压环境中,高层则出现在急流入口区的右侧。(4)MCC作为大型的中尺度对流系统,不但对低层高温高湿能量的需求比一般暴雨云团更多,而且在垂直方向上,要求湿层、高能舌及暖温结构更深厚。(5)山西南部MCC影响区和5 880gpm线边缘为负地闪覆盖区,正地闪主要出现在其北部一般暴雨云团影响区和5 840gpm线附近。与MCC相比,一般暴雨云团影响下,局地闪电开始及闪电峰值的出现较降水的开始及降水峰值的出现有更多的提前量。(6)山西北部暴雨云团出现在气柱水汽总量梯度的大值区及水汽锋上;山西南部MCC则出现在水汽锋南侧气柱水汽总量的大值区。气柱水汽总量对"0811"暴雨过程有36h的提前量,对暴雨的落区有很好的指示意义。     

VALIDATION OF NEAR-SURFACE WINDS OBTAINED BY A HYBRID WRF/CALMET MODELING SYSTEM OVER A COASTAL ISLAND WITH COMPLEX TERRAIN

The results from a hybrid approach that combines a mesoscale meteorological model with a diagnostic model to produce high-resolution wind fields in complex coastal topography are evaluated.The diagnostic wind model(California Meteorological Model,CALMET) with 100-m horizontal spacing was driven with outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model to obtain near-surface winds for the 1-year period from 12 September 2003 to 11 September 2004.Results were compared with wind observations at four sites.Traditional statistical scores,including correlation coefficients,standard deviations(SDs) and mean absolute errors(MAEs),indicate that the wind estimates from the WRF/CALMET modeling system are produced reasonably well.The correlation coefficients are relatively large,ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 for the zonal wind component and from 0.75 to 0.85 for the meridional wind component.MAEs for wind speed range from 1.5 to 2.0 m s-1 at 10 meters above ground level(AGL) and from 2.0 to 2.5 m s-1 at 60 m AGL.MAEs for wind direction range from 30 to 40 degrees at both levels.A spectral decomposition of the time series of wind speed shows positive impacts of CALMET in improving the mesoscale winds.Moreover,combining the CALMET model with WRF significantly improves the spatial variability of the simulated wind fields.It can be concluded that the WRF/CALMET modeling system is capable of providing a detailed near-surface wind field,but the physics in the diagnostic CALMET model needs to be further improved.     

四川省九龙县黑牛洞富铜矿矿床黑云母40Ar-39Ar测年及其地质意义

四川省九龙县黑牛洞铜矿床为近期新发现的一个规模在中型以上,产于江浪变质核杂岩中的富铜矿床。本文测试了黑牛洞铜矿床中与成矿密切相关的黑云母的40Ar/39Ar年龄为136.43±0.77 Ma,说明黑牛洞矿床形成于燕山中期。结合矿区附近李伍富铜床矿床地质特征及成矿年龄,表明黑牛洞铜矿床与李伍铜矿床为同一时期形成的矿床,两者成矿与松潘－甘孜造山带大规模岩浆热事件有关,这对于重新认识李伍铜矿床外围找矿潜力和进一步指导找矿工作具有重要意义。     

The Ordovician Sierras Pampeanas–Puna basin connection: Basement thinning and basin formation in the Proto-Andean back-arc

The Ordovician Sierras Pampeanas, located in a continental back-arc position at the Proto-Andean margin of southwest Gondwana, experienced substantial mantle heat transfer during the Ordovician Famatina orogeny, converting Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian metasediments to migmatites and granites. The high-grade metamorphic basement underwent intense extensional shearing during the Early and Middle Ordovician. Contemporaneously, up to 7000 m marine sediments were deposited in extensional back-arc basins covering the pre-Ordovician basement. Extensional Ordovician tectonics were more effective in mid- and lower crustal migmatites than in higher levels of the crust. At a depth of about 13 km the separating boundary between low-strain solid upper and high-strain lower migmatitic crust evolved to an intra-crustal detachment. The detachment zone varies in thickness but does not exceed about 500 m. The formation of anatectic melt at the metamorphic peak, and the resulting drop in shear strength, initiated extensional tectonics which continued along localized ductile shear zones until the migmatitic crust cooled to amphibolite facies P–T conditions. P–T–d–t data in combination with field evidence suggest significant (ca. 52%) crustal thinning below the detachment corresponding to a thinning factor of 2.1. Ductile thinning of the upper crust is estimated to be less than that of the lower crust and might range between 25% and 44%, constituting total crustal thinning factors of 1.7–2.0. While the migmatites experienced retrograde decompression during the Ordovician, rocks along and above the detachment show isobaric cooling. This suggests that the magnitude of upper crustal extension controls the amount of space created for sediments deposited at the surface. Upper crustal extension and thinning is compensated by newly deposited sediments, maintaining constant pressure at detachment level. Thinning of the migmatitic lower crust is compensated by elevation of the crust–mantle boundary. The degree of mechanical coupling between migmatitic lower and solid upper crust across the detachment zone is the main factor controlling upper crustal extension, basin formation, and sediment thickness in the back-arc basin. The initiation of crustal extension in the back-arc, however, crucially depends on the presence of anatectic melt in the middle and lower crust. Consumption of melt and cooling of the lower crust correlate with decreasing deposition rates in the sedimentary basins and decreasing rates of crustal extension.     

Paleozoic tectonism on the East Gondwana margin: Evidence from SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology of a migmatite–granite complex in West Antarctica

The Fosdick Mountains migmatite–granite complex in West Antarctica records episodes of crustal melting and plutonism in Devonian–Carboniferous time that acted to transform transitional crust, dominated by immature oceanic turbidites of the accretionary margin of East Gondwana, into stable continental crust. West Antarctica, New Zealand and Australia originated as contiguous parts of this margin, according to plate reconstructions, however, detailed correlations are uncertain due to a lack of isotopic and geochronological data. Our study of the mid-crustal exposures of the Fosdick range uses U–Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology to examine the tectonic environment and timing for Paleozoic magmatism in West Antarctica, and to assess a correlation with the better known Lachlan Orogen of eastern Australia and Western Province of New Zealand.NNE–SSW to NE–SW contraction occurred in West Antarctica in early Paleozoic time, and is expressed by km-scale folds developed both in lower crustal metasedimentary migmatite gneisses of the Fosdick Mountains and in low greenschist-grade turbidite successions of the upper crust, present in neighboring ranges. The metasedimentary rocks and structures were intruded by calc-alkaline, I-type plutons attributed to arc magmatism along the convergent East Gondwana margin. Within the Fosdick Mountains, the intrusions form a layered plutonic complex at lower structural levels and discrete plutons at upper levels. Dilational structures that host anatectic granite overprint plutonic layering and migmatitic foliation. They exhibit systematic geometries indicative of NNE–SSW stretching, parallel to a first-generation mineral lineation. New U–Pb SHRIMP zircon ages for granodiorite and porphyritic monzogranite plutons, and for leucogranites that occupy shear bands and other mesoscopic-scale structural sites, define an interval of 370 to 355 Ma for plutonism and migmatization.Paleozoic plutonism in West Antarctica postdates magmatism in the western Lachlan Orogen of Australia, but it coincides with that in the central part of the Lachlan Orogen and with the rapid main phase of emplacement of the Karamea Batholith of the Western Province, New Zealand. Emplaced within a 15 to 20 million year interval, the Paleozoic granitoids of the Fosdick Mountains are a product of subduction-related plutonism associated with high temperature metamorphism and crustal melting. The presence of anatectic granites within extensional structures is a possible indication of alternating strain states (‘tectonic switching’) in a supra-subduction zone setting characterized by thin crust and high heat flow along the Devonian–Carboniferous accretionary margin of East Gondwana.     

不同温度、羧酸溶液中长石溶解模拟实验

报道了在100℃、140℃下微斜长石在不同羧酸溶液中的溶解实验数据。通过实验表明1)反应温度增高,可增强溶液中阳离子的活性和迁移性,加快长石溶解的反应速率,促进长石的溶解。2)在强酸性条件下,pH值的变化可影响长石的溶解。但在中等酸性条件下,pH值对长石的溶解影响很小。3)羧酸(乙二酸)可不同程度地促进长石溶解,可通过形成乙二酸络合物的形式,增加离子在溶液中的溶解度。但乙酸络合物的作用不明显。长石溶蚀导致岩石孔隙度变大,并且改善孔喉性质。同时,由于乙二酸络合物的存在,增加了Si在溶液中的溶解度,阻止了石英加大和其它成因SiO₂的生成,有利于次生孔隙和原生孔隙的保存。4)长石溶解使溶液中Al的浓度较高,但由于铝-羧酸络合物的亲油性比亲水性强,故有一部分Al被分配到油相中,这也是目前大多数油田水中Al浓度偏低的主要原因。     

复杂地貌形态多比例尺表达的二维小波分析研究

针对复杂地貌形态的多比例尺表达中的等高线容易相交、地性特征描述困难和表达过程缺乏自适应等难题，提出了基于小波理论的复杂地貌形态的多比例尺表达模型，为上述问题的解决提供了新的思路和有效途径。     

晋蒙地区西施沟复式岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及岩石成因

本文对晋蒙地区的西施沟复式岩体进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学特征研究,探讨了其岩石成因及其对华北克拉通北缘中生代构造岩浆演化的启示。该岩体的岩石类型从中性岩至酸性岩连续变化且以中性岩为主,内部广泛发育微粒闪长质包体,具明显的岩浆混合成因;锆石U-Pb定年结果显示其形成年龄为160.19±0.50Ma,为中晚侏罗世岩浆活动的产物;岩石地球化学数据表明,属于准铝(弱过铝)质的高钾钙碱性系列I型花岗岩;稀土总量(ΣREE)中等,轻重稀土分馏明显,无明显负铕异常;均富集轻稀土及大离子亲石元素(Ba、Rb、K),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P),具明显的陆壳成分特征;其形成可能与中晚侏罗世古太平洋板块的俯冲有关,为华北板块陆内造山作用的产物。