Optimal Forward-Scattering Angles of Atmospheric Aerosols in North China

The accurate understanding of atmospheric aerosol extinction coefficients is very important for at- mospheric science research. To achieve a fast and simple method for determining the parameters, the selection of optimal forward-scattering angles of atmospheric aerosols is required. In this paper, the authors introduce the detec- tion basis of forward-scattering of atmospheric aerosols, and the authors verify the sensitivity of the phase function to the real part of the complex refractive index. The au- thors use the Jaenicke urban aerosol model to determine that forward-scattering angles near 33° are suitable. However, the optimal forward-scattering angles in North China are between 37° and 40°. Numerical simulation shows that certain types of particle size distribution of newly generated particles and pollution have limited in- fluences on the selection of forward-scattering angles. But the ranges of these insensitive angles shift - 10 degrees for dust intrusion, and the relative deviations of the phase function are less than 5.0% within extra angles of 0° to 3°. This study can serve as a reference for the selection of optimal forward-scattering angles for visibility meters and Present Weather Identifiers （PWIs） in addition to the de- tection of forward-scattering optical properties.     

基于空间变异修正普通克里金的矿区复杂地形高精度建模

普通克里金法是构建矿区三维地形模型并揭示地表沉陷形变场动态变化规律的有效方法。但普通克里金法存在平滑效应的问题,导致估计值的空间变异程度小于实际,无法真实反映矿区复杂地表形态的空间变化特征。本文结合矿区实际地形采样数据,提出了一种空间变异修正的普通克里金法,并将其应用于矿区复杂地形的高精度建模,并与已有方法在建模精度和空间变异性复现方面进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,空间变异修正的普通克里金法能够很好地处理平滑效应对建模的影响,具有更高的建模精度和空间变异性复现能力,在矿区复杂地形高精度建模应用中具有较强的适用性,可以作为一种可靠的建模工具用于矿区复杂地形沉陷形变场动态变化规律分析。     

大水金矿床金的迁移形式和沉淀机制探讨

基于大水金矿床地质特征和矿物流体包裹体显微测温研究成果,对金在成矿过程中的迁移形式和沉淀机制进行了探讨。研究认为,金矿床在主成矿作用过程中金主要以AuC12-、Au(HS)2-、AuH3SiO40形式迁移,少量以硫络合物、硫氢络合物、胶体溶液、砷络合物(配合物)及地幔流体等形式迁移。推断水—岩反应(尤其是硅化和硫化作用)和以深部流体为主与古大气水的均一化流体的混合作用以及在此过程中的降温减压作用是金沉淀的重要机制。     

135~130 Ma: 大别山第二次“去根”时间？

大别杂岩主要由早白垩世侵入岩和三叠纪变质岩组成。它的四周是四条区域性韧性剪切带:郯城—庐江断裂,商城—麻城断裂,襄樊—广济断裂和晓天—磨子潭断裂。其中,晓天—磨子潭断裂和襄樊—广济断裂在早白垩世具有相反的走滑剪切方向:北侧的边界断裂(晓天—磨子潭断裂)是一个左行剪切断裂,而南侧的边界断裂(襄樊—广济断裂)是一个右行剪切断裂。在大别杂岩内部,早白垩世低角度剪切面理的倾伏向以SE向或NW向为主。这些晚期剪切面理上的拉伸线理的倾伏向同样为SE或NW向。大别杂岩总体具有朝SE向挤出和顶部相对朝NW向剪切的构造特征。这些表明晚中生代是该杂岩演化的重要阶段。该杂岩的边界断裂和内部构造特征指示其晚期抬升是沿造山带方向(SE—NW)以低角度方式进行的。这一过程直接导致高压-超高压变质岩和同构造岩浆岩被抬升至近地表。同时,年代学研究表明:大别杂岩(扬子板块东北缘地壳)在晚侏罗世—早白垩世经历大规模混合岩化的时间为145~135 Ma,同造山岩浆作用的时间为145~135 Ma,后造山火山-岩浆活动的时间为135~120 Ma。因此,该杂岩中三叠纪高压-超高压变质岩所记录的早白垩世抬升过程不是印支事件的后续,而是燕山期陆内造山及随后发生的伸展过程有关。尽管这一陆内造山事件的起始时间至今仍不确定,但大别山未变形岩体(130~120 Ma)的年代学研究结果和我们新测得的同构造伟晶岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄(130 Ma)为早白垩地壳变形提供了良好的上限制约。这样,大别山经历了三叠纪碰撞造山和伸展,晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆内造山-伸展二次过程。     

How many sutures in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt：Insights from East Xinjiang-West Gansu（NW China）？

How ophiolitic mèlanges can be defined as sutures is controversial with regard to accretionary orogenesis and continental growth.The Chinese Altay,East junggar,Tianshan,and Beishan belts of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt（CAOB） in Northwest China,offer a special natural laboratory to resolve this puzzle.In the Chinese Altay,the Erqis unit consists of ophiolitic melanges and coherent assemblages,forming a Paleozoic accretionary complex.At least two ophiolitic melanges（Armantai,and Kelameili） in East Junggar,characterized by imbricated ophiolitic melanges,Nb-enriched basalts,adakitic rocks and volcanic rocks,belong to a Devonian-Carboniferous intra-oceanic island arc with some Paleozoic ophiolites,superimposed by Permian arc volcanism.In the Tianshan,ophiolitic melanges like Kanggurtag,North Tianshan,and South Tianshan occur as part of some Paleozoic accretionary complexes related to amalgamation of arc terranes.In the Beishan there are also several ophiolitic melanges,including the Hongshishan,Xingxingxia-Shibangjing,Hongliuhe-Xichangjing,and Liuyuan ophiolitic units.Most ophiolitic melanges in the study area are characterized by ultramafic,mafic and other components,which are juxtaposed,or even emplaced as lenses and knockers in a matrix of some coherent units.The tectonic settings of various components are different,and some adjacent units in the same melange show contrasting different tectonic settings.The formation ages of these various components are in a wide spectrum,varying from Neoproterozoic to Permian.Therefore we cannot assume that these ophiolitic melanges always form in linear sutures as a result of the closure of specific oceans.Often the ophiolitic components formed either as the substrate of intra-oceanic arcs,or were accreted as lenses or knockers in subduction-accretion complexes.Using published age and paleogeographic constraints,we propose the presence of （1） a major early Paleozoic tectonic boundary that separates the Chinese Altay-East Junggar multiple subduction system     

塔里木盆地油气地质调查新乌地1井钻探工艺技术

新乌地1井地处塔里木盆地西北缘乌什西构造带,断裂发育,且缺乏邻井参考资料,区域地质调查程度较浅,所钻遇地层复杂,漏失、破碎、缩径等现象时常发生,给钻探施工带来巨大挑战。针对该井井身结构设计缺乏依据、地层极端复杂、事故处理难度大等问题,研发应用了超前裸眼钻进、深厚覆盖层堵漏、井内事故处理和复杂地层冲洗液护壁等多项关键技术,解决了上述各项难题,降低了施工成本,形成了一套适宜于塔里木盆地西南与东南坳陷区复杂地层的小口径油气调查井钻探技术体系,为今后该地区同类钻探施工提供借鉴。     

甘肃礼县中川地区金矿成岩和成矿年龄的SHRIMP厘定

甘肃省礼县中川地区属于礼（县）岷（县）金矿带的东段,成矿作用与中川花岗杂岩体有密切的关系。运用高分辨率和高灵敏度离子探针（SHRIMP）测试技术,获得了中川花岗杂岩体形成的精确年龄,主侵入时代为210～160 Ma（可信度95%,MSWD=1.4）,该花岗岩体属于燕山早期-印支期造山运动的产物;3颗锆石（4个测点）的SHRIMP测试结果表明,中川地区金成矿的年龄为197～162 Ma,证实礼县中川地区金成矿于中川花岗岩体形成及稍后的时间段。年龄测试和地质剖面测量资料都证实,中川花岗岩体南部地层应该划在中石炭统地层中。与中川花岗杂岩体地质情况类似的碌础坝、 柏家庄、 闾井、 教场坝、 温泉等岩体外接触带仍然有很大的找矿前景。     

五河杂岩的变质岩石学及P-T条件分析钻孔的研究

五河杂岩是华北克拉通东部陆块东南缘最重要的岩石单元。然而,直至今日,人们对于该组杂岩一直缺乏足够的研究,特别是对于其形成的变质条件分歧较大。本文通过对蒙城南ZK02钻孔中五河杂岩的构成和地质特征详细研究表明五河杂岩分为上、下两段。上段主要为一套由云母片岩、大理岩和花岗片麻岩组成的变质表壳岩系,下段为一套基性变质岩,主要岩性为斜长角闪岩、角闪岩、石榴斜长角闪岩和少量的混合岩。同时,针对下段特征岩石（石榴斜长角闪岩）,进行了较为详细的岩相学和矿物化学分析,并应用不同的温压计进行P-T条件评价和比较,结合岩相学限定和前人的研究成果,认为五河杂岩的主体普遍经历了高压角闪岩相变质作用,其温压范围为：T=671 ℃～700 ℃和P=0.82～0.95 GPa,地温梯度约为25～28 ℃/km,与典型陆壳地温梯度类似。与同邻区主要岩石单元的变质级别相比,五河杂岩应当形成于板内变质环境,并不具备造山带变质特征。     

Emplacement of the La Peña alkaline igneous complex,Mendoza, Argentina (33° S): Implications for the early Miocene tectonic regime in the retroarc of the Andes

The La Peña alkaline complex (LPC) of Miocene age (18–19 Ma) lies on the eastern front of the Precordillera (32°41ʹ34ʺS, 68°59ʹ48″W, 1400–2900 m a.s.l.), 30 km northwest of Mendoza city, Argentina. It is a subcircular massif of 19 km² and 5 km in diameter, intruded in the metasedimentary sequence of the Villavicencio Formation of Silurian-Devonian age. It is the result of integration of multiple pulses derived from one or more deep magma chambers, which form a suite of silicate rocks grouped into: a clinopyroxenite body, a central syenite facies with a large breccia zone at the contact with the clinopyroxenite, bodies of malignite, trachyte and syenite porphyry necks, and a system of radial and annular dikes of different compositions. Its subcircular geometry and dike system distribution are frequent features of intraplate plutons or plutons emplaced in post-orogenic settings. These morphostructural features characterize numerous alkaline complexes worldwide and denote the importance of magmatic pressures that cause doming with radial and annular fracturing, in a brittle country rock. However, in the LPC, the attitude of the internal fabric of plutonic and subvolcanic units and the preferential layout of dikes match the NW–SE extensional fractures widely distributed in the host rock. This feature indicates a strong tectonic control linked to the structure that facilitate space for emplacement, corresponding to the brittle shear zone parallel to the N–S stratigraphy of the country rock. Shearing produced a system of discontinuities, with a K fractal fracture pattern, given by the combination of Riedel (R), anti-Riedel (R′), (P) and extensional (T) fracture systems, responsible for the control of melt migration by the opening of various fracture branches, but particularly through the NW–SE (T) fractures. Five different pulses would have ascent, (1) an initial one from which cumulate clinopyroxenite was formed, (2) a phase of mafic composition represented by dikes cross-cutting the clinopyroxenite, (3) a malignite facies that causes a small breccia in the clinopyroxenite, (4) a central syenite facies that develops breccias at the contact with the clinopyroxenite and, finally, (5) porphyry necks and a system of radial dikes intruding all units. At the moment of the emplacement different mechanisms would have acted, they summarized in: 1) opening of discontinuities synchronous to the magma circulation as the principal mechanism for formation of dikes and conduits; 2) stoping processes, that play an important role in the development of the breccia zone and enabling an efficient transference of material during the emplacement of the syenitic magma and 3) shear-related deformation (regional stress), affected the internal fabric of the facies, causing intracrystalline deformation and submagmatic flow, which is very evident in the central syenite intrusive. The kinematic analysis of shear planes allows proposing that emplacement of the LPC took place in a transtensive regime, which would have occurred in the back-arc of the Andes orogen, during a long period spanning from Miocene to the present, of the compressive deformation responsible, westward and at the same latitude, for the development of the Aconcagua fold and thrust belt.