Influence functions for stress and displacement discontinuity elements in an anisotropic medium

Influence functions, that permit us to determine stresses and displacements at an arbitrary point in an infinite, homogeneous, linear elastic, anisotropic medium due to different three-dimensional (3-D) stress or displacement discontinuities distributed on infinite, flat, band-type elements, are presented. Any straight-line segment on the band, which is perpendicular to its infinite side, has the same distribution of the discontinuities. Along with the functions, their Taylor series approximations are also provided. The last can be useful to analyse stresses and displacements at points distant from the elements. The functions allow us to avoid procedures of numerical integration in the Indirect Boundary Element Method and/or the Displacement Discontinuity Method computer codes that are able to solve complete plane-strain problems with 3-D boundary conditions for an elastic, anisotropic medium. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rapid Determination of Complete Distribution of Pore and Throat in Tight Oil Sandstone of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, China

This study aimed to investigate the complete distribution of reservoir space in tight oil sandstone combining casting slices, field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), the pore-throat theory model, high-resolution image processing, mathematical statistics, and other technical means. Results of reservoir samples from the Xin'anbian area of Ordos Basin showed that the total pore radius curve of the tight oil sandstone reservoir exhibited a multi-peak distribution, and the peaks appeared to be more focused on the ends of the range. This proved that pores with a radius of 1–50,000 nm provided the most significant storage space for tight oil, indicating that special attention should be paid to this range of the pore size distribution. Meanwhile, the complete throat radius curve of the tight oil sandstone reservoir exhibited a multipeak distribution. However, the peak values were distributed throughout the scales. This confirmed that the throat radius in the tight oil sandstone reservoir was not only in the range of hundreds of nanometers but was also widely distributed in the scale approximately equal to the pore size. The new rapid determination method could provide a precise theoretical basis for the comprehensive evaluation, exploration, and development of a tight oil sandstone reservoir.     

TWO-DIMENSIONAL WHOLE CYCLE SIMULATION OF SPONTANE-OUS RUPTURE OF THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE USING THE CONTINUOUS-DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD

The May 12, 2008 M_S7.9 Wenchuan earthquake is ranked as one of the most devastating natural disasters ever occurred in modern Chinese history. The Longmenshan Fault(LMSF) zone is the seismogenic source structure, which consists of three sub-parallel faults, i.e., the Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault(GJF) in the frontal, the Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault(YBF) in the central fault and the Wenchuan-Maowen Fault(WMF) in the back of the LMSF. In this study, geological survey and seismic profiles are used to constrain the faults geometry and medium parameters. Three visco-elastic finite element models of the LMSF with different main faults are established. From the phase of interseismic stress accumulation to coseismic stress release and postseismic adjustment, the Wenchuan earthquake is simulated using Continuous-Discrete Element Method(CDEM). Modeling results show that before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the GJF becomes unstable due to the interaction between its unique fault geometry and the tectonic stress loading. In the fault geometry model, the GJF is the most gently dipped fault among the three faults, which in return makes it having the smallest normal stress and the greatest shear stress. The continuous shear stress loading finally meets the fault failure criteria and the Wenchuan earthquake starts to initiate on the GJF at the depth of 15~20km. The earthquake rupture then propagated to the YBF. At the same time, due to the GJF and YBF rupture, the interseismic stress accumulation has been greatly reduced, causing the WMF failed to rupture. Although the stress accumulation in the WMF has been reduced significantly after the earthquake, yet it has not been released completely, which means that the WMF likely has with high seismic risk after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. We also find that the stress perturbation caused by gently dipping segment of the fault can promote the passive rupture in the steeply dipping segment, making the upper limit of dip angles larger than traditional assumption.     

桥梁GNSS-RTK变形监测数据的多滤波联合去噪处理

针对桥梁GNSS-RTK变形监测中多路径效应和随机噪声的影响,提出了一种基于Chebyshev滤波和自适应噪声的完备集合经验模态分解（CEEMDAN）,以及小波阈值（WT）降噪技术的多滤波联合降噪方法。该方法首先对监测信号实施Chebyshev滤波抑制多路径效应;然后进行CEEMDAN分解,基于自相关性分析,对噪声IMF分量进行WT降噪去除随机噪声。本文以天津海河大桥GNSS-RTK变形监测作为试验,对监测数据进行多滤波降噪处理。结果表明：本文所提的多滤波降噪方法能有效抑制多路径效应和随机噪声,GNSS-RTK与多滤波降噪相结合的方法能够准确识别桥梁真实动态位移,为桥梁GNSS-RTK监测数据降噪处理提供了一种良好的途径。     

河南省县域学校体系规模、可达性演化特征及其分异

县域义务教育学校体系规模的合理布局、适龄儿童入学可达性对义务教育公平和均衡发展具有重要意义。采用基尼系数、齐夫指数等方法对泌阳县2004—2016年县域小学学校体系规模空间演化特征、就学可达性变化及其空间分异进行了实证研究。结果表明：研究区县域小学规模两极分化严重,学生和教师的城乡不平衡指数大大增加,首位学校以及位序靠前的学校垄断性增强,学校规模从均衡发展演化为非均衡状态;2016年入学距离在2 km范围内的自然村相比2004年略有降低,距最近完全小学在2 km范围内的自然村出现大幅降低,完全小学大幅减少,服务范围增大,覆盖度出现显著降低;2016年各乡镇学生、教师基尼系数显著增加,全县范围空间分异规律基本一致;相比2004年,2016年地形高度、距乡镇政府所在地距离对自然村入学距离影响显著增强,特别是对最近完全小学入学距离的影响更大。     

再论全球变网格多层原始方程差分模式的设计

在修正的MM4和一个有限域变网格差分模式的基础上,设计了全球变网格多层原始方程差分模式。可以证明:设计的模式具有质量、能量守恒等整体性质,并具有正确的动、位能转换关系。为了克服高纬地区经线辐合带来的时间步长须取得很小的问题,给出了不进行滤波处理并仍能保持整体性质的解决办法。     

The Spatio-temporal Pattern of Regional Land Use Change and Eco-environmental Responses in Jiangsu,China

Land use change and its eco-environmental responses are foci in geographical research. As a region with uneven economic development, land use change and eco-environmental responses across Jiangsu Province are relevant to China’s overall development pattern. The external function of regional land use changes during different stages of economic development. In this study, we proposed a novel classification system based on the dominant function of land use according to “production-ecology-life”, and then analyzed land use change and regional eco-environmental responses from a functional perspective of regional development. The results showed that from 1985 to 2008, land use change features in Jiangsu were that productive land area decreased and ecological and living land areas increased. Land use changes in southern Jiangsu were the most dramatic. In southern and central parts of Jiangsu the agricultural production function weakened and urban life service function strengthened; in northern Jiangsu, the mining production function’s comparative advantage highlighted that the rural life service function was weakening. Ecological environmental quality decreased slightly in Jiangsu and its three regions. The maximum contribution rate to ecological environmental change occurred in southern Jiangsu and the minimum rate was located in the north. Eco-environmental quality deteriorated in southern and central Jiangsu, related to expanding construction land in urban and rural areas. Ecological environmental quality deterioration in northern Jiangsu is probably due to land development and consolidation. The main reason for improvements in regional ecological environments is that agricultural production land was converted to water ecological land across Jiangsu.     

煤岩全应力应变过程渗透性特征试验研究

在MTS815岩石伺服试验机上进行了煤岩全应力-应变过程中的渗透性试验,揭示了煤岩在变形破坏过程中的渗透率变化规律。试验结果表明,应变-渗透率曲线与应力-应变曲线变化趋势基本一致,但表现出相对“滞后”的特点,表明渗透率的变化与其损伤演化过程密切相关,同时煤体通过其内部裂隙的渗透需要一定的时间过程。同其他沉积岩石相比,煤岩微结构及微组分复杂多样,不同煤岩类型其渗透率相差很大。同时,由于煤岩微孔隙裂隙相对较发育,其渗透率受有效围压的影响更明显。     

高瓦斯煤的渗透性试验

煤岩体变形和强度以及流体在多孔隙裂隙煤中的渗流规律,是高瓦斯煤层开采中关注的问题。阐述了高瓦斯煤力学介质属性、微结构模型、渗透特性及其孔裂隙和破碎块度的分形特征;利用电液伺服岩石力学试验系统,以数控瞬态渗透法进行了煤样全应力应变过程的电液伺服试验,研究了全应力应变过程中煤样渗透性的变化特征。试验结果显示:煤样的力学性能与其微结构和微孔隙特征密切相关,渗透率变化与试样内部裂隙发展变化过程密切相关。     

低强度模拟锚固材料抗弯荷载-位移全过程曲线试验研究

在大比例尺的地质力学模型中,由于相似模型材料的脆性和低强度,很难测得其抗弯应力-应变或者荷载-位移全过程曲线。对抗弯试验的过程进行力学分析,通过对增加辅助弹性元件方案的假设推导得到弹性元件刚度设计原则。依据该设计原则,组装出一台试验原理样机,测到不同节理（均质、层状和块状）含不同角度锚杆的试件的抗弯荷载-位移全过程曲线。此外,由于相似材料的低强度重度大特性,试验中适当考虑试件的自重对实验结果的影响。试验研究表明,弹性元件的增加对抗弯荷载-位移全过程曲线下降段有着质的改善;当弹性元件与台架的复合刚度大于试件的最大刚度,即可测得抗弯荷载-位移全过程曲线;在抗弯试验中试件自重荷载可以等效为集中力荷载,对于550 mm的标准试件其等效荷载相当于其自身重力1/2的集中荷载,相当于试验中均质试件峰值荷载的9%。