Microbial activity promotes the enrichment of cobalt over nickel on hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts

The different mineral phases of the ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) crusts stem from the interaction of biotic and abiotic components. It is therefore vital to study the activity of these components to decipher their contribution to the enrichment/depletion of metals in the crust. Thus, the present study examined sorption and release of Co and Ni by Fe-Mn crusts with associated microbial communities in the presence and absence of the metabolic poison sodium azide (15?mM). The study was conducted in the presence (G⁺) and absence (G^?) of added glucose (0.1%) at temperatures of 4?±?1°C and 28?±?2°C. Results showed that the microbial community had maximal sorption of Co of 66.12?µg?g^?1 at 4?±?1°C in the absence of added glucose and 479.75?µg?g^?1 at 28?±?2°C in the presence of added glucose. Maximum sorption of Ni in the absence of added glucose was 1.89?µg?g^?1 at 4?±?1°C and release of Ni was 51.28?µg?g^?1 in the presence of added glucose. Under abiotic conditions with 15?mM sodium azide as a metabolic inhibitor, significant amounts of Co and Ni were released in the G⁺ medium. Total cell counts on the Fe-Mn crust in the presence of added glucose increased by an order of magnitude from 10⁶ to 10⁷ cells g^?1 and in the absence of added glucose remained within the order of 10⁶ cells?g^?1 irrespective of temperature of incubation. Microscopic observation of the samples from biotic incubations showed numerous bacterial cells, exopolysaccharides, and structures resembling secondary minerals formed by bacteria. The results indicate that bacteria promote the enrichment of Co and Ni on the hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts by sorption processes and release of Ni by reductive dissolution of the oxides. The higher enrichment of Co than Ni is attributed to the way in which microbes interact with the metals.     

煤岩吸附二氧化碳气体的CT实验研究

利用工业CT技术及应变测量研究不同气压下煤岩的二氧化碳气体吸附性质。研究发现：煤样的应变随吸附时间和气体压力的增加而增加,且在不同方向是不同的,吸附气体导致煤样孔隙率增加;煤样CT图像的灰度均值和灰度标准差随吸附时间和气体压力的增长都表现出增加的趋势。结果表明：吸附二氧化碳导致煤样总体发生膨胀变形,这为吸附提供更多的孔隙表面积而使吸附气体量增加,含气煤样的密度也因此而增大;气体吸附导致的煤样密度均值增加的效应大于体积膨胀导致的煤样密度均值减小的效应;吸附使煤样内部物质分布不均匀程度增加。     

中国民航客运(国内)空间格局与竞争态势分析

利用统计分析和可视化方法,综合考虑行政、经济、人口和旅游吸引指标,采取抽样方法选择了60个具有代表性的国内大中城市,以近期发布的中国民航班期数据为基础,研究了构成中国民航运输网络的9家民航公司的通航城市和航线网络特征,并分析了各公司相互问的竞争关系。结果表明,三大航空集团和海航的航线呈多中心网状分布,而其他5家航空公司航线呈明显的单中心/双中心放射状分布;在运营中,三大航空集团和海航具有明显的垄断优势。而它们之间也存在明显的竞争关系。其他航空公司在构成中国民航运输网络骨架的大中城市航线运营中处于明显的竞争劣势。研究成果对航空公司航线、航班调整、代码共享和民航政策制订具有参考作用。     

Experimental Study of Factors Controlling Sorption of Heavy Metals on Ariake Clay and Implication for Practice

A series of batch tests have been presented to investigate the effects of solid-solution contact time, solid:solution ratio, and pH of solution on sorption of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ on Ariake clay from Kyushu region of Japan. The results show that, among the three investigated factors, solid:solution ratio (SD/SN) seems to be the crucial controlling factor. The Freundlich sorption parameters determined from the batch tests were applied to a typical field landfill in which the Ariake clay was used as soil barrier. The impacts of the landfill were assessed by numerical analysis. Based on the analysis result, the significance of selecting proper solid:solution ratio for determining sorption parameters from batch test has been discussed.     

中国沙漠生态旅游资源及其竞争力分析研究

在深入探讨中国沙漠生态旅游资源特点基础上,对中国沙漠生态旅游竞争力进行了主成分分析。分析了中国沙漠生态旅游资源特点,对中国沙漠生态旅游资源进行分类研究,统计出8个主类、23个亚类、45个基本类型,资源组合特色多是自然风光与生态和环境的充分结合,景观上十分突出生态特色。为使评价具有客观的针对性,构建了沙漠生态旅游竞争力指标体系。选取沙漠分布较多的6省区为样本,得出竞争力排序从高到低依次为:内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、青海,结果符合沙漠生态旅游开发的现状。     

江苏省区域旅游产业差异及“板块旅游”发展战略

建构区域旅游产业竞争力评价三级指标体系,运用层次分析法和聚类分析法测度江苏省区域旅游产业竞争力,并采用锡尔I(O)系数方法对旅游产业竞争力水平差异进行分解,从市场、效益、贡献、资源、设施、人才、经济、交通和环境9个细分指标揭示苏南、苏中和苏北地区旅游产业发展水平的差异。分析发现,苏南、苏中和苏北地区间差异明显,地区内部城际差异相对较小;苏南地区的整体旅游产业竞争力较强,而苏中和苏北地区相对较弱,苏南与苏中、苏北的旅游发展整体水平差距大,苏中与苏北的差距相对较小;江苏旅游产业竞争力的空间分异特点是"南强北弱"、"沿江强沿海弱"。提出重点打造四大旅游板块并构建跨区域旅游板块的"板块旅游"模式区域发展战略,旨在实现苏南、苏中和苏北旅游产业的相对均衡协调发展和旅游产业竞争力水平的整体提升。     

粘土矿物的掺杂对沉积物吸持Cu、Zn能力的影响

通过考察粘土矿物及掺杂粘土矿物前后沉积物的吸附/解吸特性,分析了伊利石与蒙脱石对重金属污染沉积物中Cu与Zn稳定固定化的可行性。结果表明：伊利石与蒙脱石的掺杂均降低了沉积物吸持Cu的能力（最大下降量分别为5.4%和3.8%）,伊利石的掺杂同样降低了沉积物吸持Zn的能力（最大下降量为4.4%）,但蒙脱石掺杂后沉积物吸持Zn的能力明显增强,最高增加5.7%。因此,蒙脱石具有固定污染沉积物中Zn的能力,但不能提高污染沉积物中Cu的稳定性。     

山西国际旅游市场营销目标选择研究

在梳理旅游市场营销目标选择方法的基础上,对原有竞争态模型进行扩展,分析山西省主体客源国的亲景度和市场发展指数,并基于两个指数的组合,建立旅游市场相对竞争态模型,将山西的主体客源国市场分为兴旺型、崛起型、成熟型和停滞型,并结合旅游市场绝对竞争格局,依据各类型市场的特征,确定山西省国际旅游市场的营销目标。     

Mineralogical and geomicrobial examination of soil contamination by radioactive Cs due to 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

Soil contamination by radioactive Cs from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident was investigated. Absorption and desorption experiments of Cs were conducted for several phyllosillicates (kaolinite, sericite, montmorillonite, vermiculite, chrysotile and biotite), zeolite and solid organic matter (dead and green leaves). The results confirmed the characteristic sorption and desorption of Cs by these materials. The 2:1 type phyllosilicate, especially, vermiculite and montmorillonite absorbed Cs well. Heated vermiculite for agricultural use and weathered montmorillonite also adsorbed Cs. Leaves also absorbed Cs considerably but easily desorbed it. In summary, the relative capacity and strength of different materials for sorption of Cs followed the order: zeolite (clinoptilolite) > 2:1 type clay mineral > 1:1 type clay mineral > dead and green leaves. Culture experiments using bacteria of both naturally living on dead leaves in Iitate village, Fukushima Pref. and bacterial strains of Bacillus subtillis, Rhodococus erythropolis, Streptomyces aomiensis and Actinomycetospora chlora were carried out. Non-radioactive 1% Cs solution (CsCl) was added to the culture media. Two types of strong or considerable bacterial uptakes of Cs were found in bacterial cells. One is that Cs was contained mainly as globules inside bacteria and the other is that Cs was absorbed in the whole bacterial cells. The globules consisted mainly of Cs and P. Based on all these results, future diffusion and re-circulation behavior of Cs in the surface environment was discussed.