矩形钢管混凝土柱往复拉压荷载下工作性能试验研究

超高层建筑巨型框架结构的巨型柱在大震作用下有时会出现往复拉压受力情形,为提高巨型柱的抗震能力,目前有的超高层建筑巨型框架结构采用了多腔体钢管混凝土巨型柱。为深入研究这种巨型柱的腔体在往复拉压荷载下的性能退化问题,取这种巨型柱中有代表性的矩形腔体,进行了3个配钢率为7.53%和1个配钢率为3.77%的相同截面矩形柱在往复拉压荷载下的工作性能试验研究。4个试件均沿杆长对中分成左右不同构造的两段,左杆段为有栓钉区段,右杆段为无栓钉区段。通过试验,比较分析了各试件的承载力、刚度及其退化过程、栓钉的作用和破坏特征。给出了抗拉、抗压承载力计算公式,计算结果与试验符合较好。研究表明:在矩形钢管腔体内设置栓钉可明显提高构件的抗拉、抗压工作性能;增加矩形钢管的钢板厚度可明显提高钢板对栓钉的约束能力,从而提高栓钉与混凝土共同工作的性能。     

自平衡试桩法在沿海软弱地层中的试验研究

以浙江舟山大陆连岛工程宁波连接线项目为依托,选择1根典型摩擦桩开展了自平衡试桩法在沿海软弱地层中的试验研究,并对自平衡测试后的试桩进行了传统桩顶堆载验证试验。介绍了自平衡试桩法从设计、现场试验及数据分析的全过程及各阶段的设计要点,并对容易引起测量误差的现有位移测量方法进行了改进,避免了易发缺陷的荷载箱处虚位移的影响。试验测得了试桩的负摩阻力系数值及单桩承载力值,其结果符合试验设计要求,试桩承载力满足设计要求,相关试验设计及测得的参数可以作为此类地层中自平衡测试的参考。经与传统桩顶堆载验证试验对比可知,自平衡试桩法在工程上的应用具有合理性与准确性。     

CFSR、ERA-Interim和MERRA降水资料在中亚地区的适用性

利用中亚1979-2011年间162个观测站点月降水数据（OBS）,以平均偏差（MBE）、相关系数（R）、平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）对CFSR、ERA-Interim和MERRA气象再分析降水数据在中亚地区的适用性进行评估。结果表明：（1）3套数据的模拟效果存在明显差异。其中MERRA的模拟精度最高（R=0.71）,ERA-Interim次之（R=0.53）,CFSR最低（R=0.50）;体现出3套数据不同的同化方案和数据源导致模拟效果的不同;（2）降水的年内变化上,3套再分析数据之间具有较好的一致性,但对[OBS]均表现出高估,并且对强降水月份（3,4月）高估幅度最大;（3）3套数据对海拔500～1 000 m地区的降水模拟精度最好,超过1 000 m后,随海拔升高模拟精度下降。以上规律可为3套数据的订正及其在中亚地区气候变化研究中的应用提供科学依据。     

上海城市地下工程环境地质效应的几个关键问题

城市工程环境地质效应是随着城市化快速进程中的一种自然与人为作用下的新型地质作用,这种作用的持续发展,造成人员和财产的损失,即质变为城市地质灾害。随着上海城市建设进程加快,地下空间的开发所引起的环境地质问题,成为上海城市工程环境地质效应的关键问题;上海地铁M4号线建设重大事故发生后,对地下工程潜在的环境地质作用的研究显得特别重要。本文在大量调查、分析与研究的基础上,结合上海市城市地下空间快速发展面临的一系列工程环境地质灾害,采用自然科学与社会科学相互交叉的方法,剖析了上海市地下工程建设中的主要环境和地质灾害问题;针对城市地下空间引起的工程环境地质灾害具有突发性、潜在性、隐蔽性、社会性的特点．归纳出城市地质灾害的成灾原因,提出防治对策;根据城市发展的实际情况和2004年以后的远景目标,因地制宜地提出了整治城市地下空间工程环境地质效应的基本对策与管理措施．为制定城市地下空间发展远景规划和奋斗目标提供基本思路。这对深化地下工程环境地质问题的认识,推动城市地下工程环境及岩土工程问题的研究有积极意义。     

A Comparative Evaluation of the Geotechnical Index Properties of Clayey Sediments along the West Coast of India

Sediment core samples collected during geotechnical surveys along the West Coast of India in the near shore areas of Arabian Sea have generated data on the geotechnical index properties of clayey sediments up to nearly 5 m depth below seafloor. A comparative study of three sectors within themselves is attempted before carrying out a final evaluation between the sectors. Cohesive clayey sediments of Gujarat sector are comparable though widely variant in a few aspects; in the Maharashtra-Goa-Karnataka sector though, plasticity levels and clay type vary, and activity and consistency levels are quite similar. Though broadly comparable, the clayey sediments of Kerala-Tamilnadu sector have quite diverse characteristics that fail to conform to any particular pattern as each area has an exclusive set of geotechnical properties.     

不同强度地震作用下的心墙堆石坝三维动力液化分析

东圳水库大坝位于福建省莆田市城厢区,该水利枢纽处于华南沿海地震带北段,由于水库建设时我国尚未有抗震设防烈度标准,因此亟需对其抗震稳定性进行复核。以东圳水库大坝为原型,结合已有的地震资料,选用Byrne液化模型,采用FLAC3D软件,研究了在50年超越概率10%、5%和2%地震作用下坝体填料的液化特征及最终位移情况。结果显示,在地震作用下,坝体上游砂砾石填料会发生局部液化,且液化区随着地震强度的增大而增加,但尚未出现大面积连续液化区;坝体填料发生液化后,产生了有限度的塑性变形,其变形量也随着地震强度的增大而有所增加;除坝顶较小区域外,坝体总位移量相对较小,对大坝整体稳定性不会产生显著影响。研究结论可以为大坝的抗震加固和治理措施的选择提供依据和参考。     

玉龙雪山西麓原状冰碛土CT扫描试验研究

冰碛土是冰川行进融化过程中漂石、碎石、砂砾、粉土和黏土在毫无分选的条件下快速混杂堆积生成的一种特殊岩土材料,由其引发的工程问题日益受到岩土工程界关注。砾石颗粒细观组构是冰碛土独特沉积历史的反映,直接影响土体的岩土力学性质,但迫于原状冰碛土样极难取得,岩土工程领域迄今罕有研究。对此,采用人工精细切削的方式,成功取得了玉龙雪山西麓原状冰碛土样,并对取回的6块冰碛土原状样进行了CT扫描,首次获得了冰碛土内部真实细观组构图像。借助Matlab对CT图片进行二值化和消噪处理后,运用常规统计方法对冰碛土内砾石颗粒的面含石量、颗粒定向以及颗粒形状等剖面组构指标进行了描述。结果表明,垂直剖面之间的统计数据差异较小,但垂直剖面与水平剖面之间差异较大。     

江浙典型茶园土壤有机质空间异质性分析

茶园土壤有机质分布有明显的空间性,如何凭借有限的采样点数据预测研究区的有机质分布,对了解茶叶种植区土壤状况、指导茶园经营管理、提高茶叶品质和产量有重要意义。本文对江浙4种名茶种植区,利用描述性统计,以及地统计学中的半方差函数模型、空间插值等方法对比分析了茶园土壤有机质的空间异质性。研究结果表明:(1)4个研究区的土壤有机质平均水平均较高,适合茶叶生长,且浙江省2个茶叶种植区的有机质平均水平高于江苏省2个茶叶种植区的有机质水平;(2)半方差函数模型拟合表明,溪龙乡种植区有机质含量表现出中等空间相关性,而其他3个种植区表现出强烈的空间相关性;(3)各种植区土壤有机质的空间分布以结构性因子(土壤理化性质、地形地貌)为基础,受人类活动、经营模式、茶园管理等随机性因子影响,整体趋势上表现出局部变异的特征。     

Full waveform inversion and the truncated Newton method: quantitative imaging of complex subsurface structures

Full waveform inversion is a powerful tool for quantitative seismic imaging from wide‐azimuth seismic data. The method is based on the minimization of the misfit between observed and simulated data. This amounts to the solution of a large‐scale nonlinear minimization problem. The inverse Hessian operator plays a crucial role in this reconstruction process. Accounting accurately for the effect of this operator within the minimization scheme should correct for illumination deficits, restore the amplitude of the subsurface parameters, and help to remove artefacts generated by energetic multiple reflections. Conventional minimization methods (nonlinear conjugate gradient, quasi‐Newton methods) only roughly approximate the effect of this operator. In this study, we are interested in the truncated Newton minimization method. These methods are based on the computation of the model update through a matrix‐free conjugate gradient solution of the Newton linear system. We present a feasible implementation of this method for the full waveform inversion problem, based on a second‐order adjoint state formulation for the computation of Hessian‐vector products. We compare this method with conventional methods within the context of 2D acoustic frequency full waveform inversion for the reconstruction of P‐wave velocity models. Two test cases are investigated. The first is the synthetic BP 2004 model, representative of the Gulf of Mexico geology with high velocity contrasts associated with the presence of salt structures. The second is a 2D real data‐set from the Valhall oil field in North sea. Although, from a computational cost point of view, the truncated Newton method appears to be more expensive than conventional optimization algorithms, the results emphasize its increased robustness. A better reconstruction of the P‐wave velocity model is provided when energetic multiple reflections make it difficult to interpret the seismic data. A better trade‐off between regularization and resolution is obtained when noise contamination of the data requires one to regularize the solution of the inverse problem.     

Anisotropic effective conductivity in fractured rocks by explicit effective medium methods

In this work, we assess the use of explicit methods for estimating the effective conductivity of anisotropic fractured media. Explicit methods are faster and simpler to use than implicit methods but may have a more limited range of validity. Five explicit methods are considered: the Maxwell approximation, the T‐matrix method, the symmetric and asymmetric weakly self‐consistent methods, and the weakly differential method, where the two latter methods are novelly constructed in this paper. For each method, we develop simplified expressions applicable to flat spheroidal “penny‐shaped” inclusions. The simplified expressions are accurate to the first order in the ratio of fracture thickness to fracture diameter. Our analysis shows that the conductivity predictions of the methods fall within known upper and lower bounds, except for the T‐matrix method at high fracture densities and the symmetric weakly self‐consistent method when applied to very thin fractures. Comparisons with numerical results show that all the methods give reliable estimates for small fracture densities. For high fracture densities, the weakly differential method is the most accurate if the fracture geometry is non‐percolating or the fracture/matrix conductivity contrast is small. For percolating conductive fracture networks, we have developed a scaling relation that can be applied to the weakly self‐consistent methods to give conductivity estimates that are close to the results from numerical simulations.