Reworking of the Gangdese magmatic arc,southeastern Tibet: post‐collisional metamorphism and anatexis

The Gangdese magmatic arc, southeastern Tibet, was built by mantle‐derived magma accretion and juvenile crustal growth during the Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic northward subduction of the Neo‐Tethyan oceanic slab beneath the Eurasian continent. The petrological and geochronological data reveal that the lower crust of the southeastern Gangdese arc experienced Oligocene reworking by metamorphism, anatexis and magmatism after the India and Asia collision. The post‐collisional metamorphic and migmatitic rocks formed at 34–26 Ma and 28–26 Ma respectively. Meta‐granitoids have protolith ages of 65–38 Ma. Inherited detrital zircon from metasedimentary rocks has highly variable ages ranging from 2708 to 37 Ma. These rocks underwent post‐collisional amphibolite facies metamorphism and coeval anatexis under P–T conditions of ~710–760 °C and ~12 kbar with geothermal gradients of 18–20 °C km ^{? 1}, indicating a distinct crustal thickening process. Crustal shortening, thickening and possible subduction erosion due to the continental collision and ongoing convergence resulted in high‐P metamorphic and anatectic reworking of the magmatic and sedimentary rocks of the deep Gangdese arc. This study provides a typical example of the reworking of juvenile and ancient continental crust during active collisional orogeny.     

Correlation between seismic anisotropy and Bouguer gravity anomalies in Tibet and its implications for lithospheric structures

As a baseline measurement for understanding the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, a product of continent–continent collision between India and Eurasia, we analyse digital seismic data in order to constrain the seismic anisotropy of the Indian shield. Based on spatially sparse data that are currently available in the public domain, there is little shear-wave birefringence for SKS phases under the Indian shield, even though it is part of a fast-moving plate in the hotspot frame of reference. If most of the northern Indian mantle has little transverse anisotropy, the onset of significant anisotropy under Tibet marks the northern terminus of intact Indian lithosphere that is thrusting under the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen. Beyond this terminus, tectonic fabric such as that associated with the deforming lithospheric mantle of Eurasia must be present in the upper mantle. Along the profile from Yadong to Golmud, the only profile in Tibet where a number of shear-wave birefringence data are available, the amount of birefringence shows two marked increases, near 30° and 33°N, between which a local high in Bouguer gravity anomaly is observed. Such a correlation between patterns of shear-wave birefringence and gravity anomalies is explained by the juxtaposition of Indian lithosphere against the overlying Eurasian lithosphere: while the Eurasian lithospheric mantle appears only to the north of 30°N, the Indian lithospheric mantle extends northwards to near 33°N.     

闽东南中生代碰撞造山带的确认证据

闽东南地区的大地构造性质屡有争议。本文依据造山带类型划分和碰撞造山带大地构造相模式理论鉴别出了闽东南活化基底、泉州蛇绿混杂岩带、长乐-南澳韧性剪切带、台湾西部前陆磨拉石盆地、闽东南沿海前陆褶冲带活化盖层和壳内低速带等大地构造相和碰撞造山带识别标志，确认闽东南地区为闽台微大陆与闽浙中生代火山弧碰撞形成的陆-弧型碰撞造山带，碰撞事件发生时间为100～120Ma。     

陆-陆碰撞造山环境下含铜斑岩岩石成因——以藏东玉龙斑岩铜矿带为例

大型斑岩铜矿不仅可以形成于陆缘弧和岛弧构造环境,而且还可以形成于陆-陆碰撞造山环境.然而,对陆-陆碰撞造山环境下含矿斑岩的成因仍存在很大的争论.本文以藏东玉龙斑岩铜矿带为例,从岩相学、元素地球化学以及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素地球化学等方面较系统地研究了含矿斑岩岩石成因.结果表明,含矿斑岩属于钾玄质岩石,同时具有埃达克岩某些地球化学特征.岩石是由至少100km深处的二辉橄榄质岩石圈地幔中交代成因的金云母-石榴石单斜辉石岩脉发生低程度部分熔融而形成的.印度-亚洲大陆碰撞形成了金沙江区域性走滑断裂系统,并导致软流圈地幔上涌,最终诱发交代岩石圈地幔的部分熔融而形成含矿斑岩.它对于进一步认识陆-陆碰撞造山环境下含矿斑岩的起源以及斑岩型铜矿的成因具有较为重要的意义.     

从全球对比探讨华北克拉通早期地质演化与板块构造过程

板块构造理论为 2 0世纪取得的重大科学成就。如何在新世纪发展板块构造、推动大陆动力学研究成为新的挑战。世界古大陆前寒武纪地质研究在花岗岩绿岩带、高级变质区 ,新太古代造山作用 ,早期大洋地质记录与古板块构造 ,以及超级大陆等方面取得新进展。在此全球构造背景下 ,华北早期地质演化的相关重大问题包括 :新太古代典型造山带地质演化、碰撞过程及其盆山耦合作用。围绕新太古代蛇绿岩的研究 ,特别是豆荚状铬铁矿及地幔岩 ,将提供早期大洋岩石圈性质、扩张运移过程的重要线索 ,并提出早期板块边界划分标志及其洋陆作用过程。华北中部造山带及蛇绿岩混杂带的洲际对比 ,对认识华北与最古老超级大陆聚合过程具有重要意义     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early Palaeozoic igneous rocks of the western South Qilian Belt,central China

Early Palaeozoic granitoids in the South Qilian Belt, central China, record details of the tectonic evolution and crustal growth of the Qilian orogenic belt. Five representative granitoids from the western South Qilian Belt were sampled for zircon LA-ICPMS U–Pb dating, Lu–Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemical analyses. Zircon U–Pb dating of two porphyritic granodiorites and a porphyritic monzogranite yielded ages of 442.7 ± 3.5, 441.8 ± 4.3, and 435.4 ± 3.5 Ma, respectively. These granitoids exhibit a geochemical affinity to I-type granite, are metaluminous with a low aluminium saturation index (A/CNK = 0.75–1.15), have moderate Al₂O₃ and low MgO contents, high La/Yb and low Sr/Y ratios, and are depleted in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti, which suggests a subduction zone magmatic arc affinity, with mixing between a primary mantle-derived magma with lesser continental crustal material. The syenogranite and monzogranite from the South Qilian Belt, which yield U–Pb zircon ages of 440.4 ± 9.0 and 442.3 ± 1.2 Ma, respectively, have pronounced S-type geochemical affinities, are peraluminous with A/CNK values of 1.07–1.16, have relatively high SiO₂, Al₂O₃, K₂O, and Rb contents, low Y and Yb, low Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, positive Th, U, and light Rare Earth Element (REE) anomalies, and depletions in Nb, Ta, Sr, and Ti. Their geochemical signature suggests derivation from partial melting of continental crust in a syn-collisional setting. The Hf isotopic data of zircons from the granitoids show a significant input of Paleoproterozoic crust in the crustal formation of the western South Qilian Belt in Palaeozoic. Compare the ε_Hf(t) value of S-type granite with that of I-type granite, the former may have a comparatively homogeneous source. Together with regional evidence, it is proposed that a collisional event occurred between the South Qilian Belt and the Central Qilian Belt at ca. 442–435 Ma.     

Collision Event during 177-135 Ma on the Eastern Marginof the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Evidence from ~(40)Ar/ ~(39)Ar Dating for Basaltson the Western Margin of the Yangtze Platform

Geochronology of continental flood basalts sampled from the Emei large igneous province (LIP) on the western margin of the Yangtze platform was investigated by the laser microprobe 40Ar/39Ar dating technique. These basalts yield a fairly wide range of 40Ar/39Ar ages, varying from 259 to 135 Ma. One basalt sample, at least altered, recorded the oldest 40Ar/39Ar age of about 259 Ma, corresponding to a peak eruption age of the Emei LIP continental flood basalts. Most of the samples yield much younger ages from 135 to 177 Ma, which are consistent with the K-Ar ages for the same samples (122.8-172.1 Ma). The dating data suggest that these Permian basalts had been widely affected by the regional tectonothermal event at 177-135 Ma. The event was probably caused by the convergence and collision among the Laurasia, Yangtze and Qiangtang-Qamdo continental blocks on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau after the late Triassic. The age of the event reflects the timing of the peak collisional orogeny.     

内蒙古达茂旗东北部比旗格淖复式岩体的形成年龄、地球化学特征及成因

达茂旗东北部比旗格淖复式岩体位于内蒙古中部,该岩体由两期侵入体组成,岩性分别为花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,前者为岩体主体岩性。主体花岗闪长岩主要由斜长石（An=14 ~ 30）、石英、钾长石和普通角闪石组成,内部发育暗色微粒包体;补体二长花岗岩主要由石英、钾长石和斜长石（An=12 ~ 23）组成。LA- ICPMS锆石U- Pb定年显示岩体形成于晚二叠世,形成年龄为259±2 Ma。主体花岗闪长岩SiO2=66. 37%-68. 70%、为准铝质—弱过铝质（A/CNK=0. 99 ~ 1. 01）,地球化学上显示出富集轻稀土、大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土和高场强元素的特征,属于I型花岗岩;其中闪长质暗色微粒包体呈浑圆状或拉长扁平透镜状,年龄与寄主花岗闪长岩一致,为岩浆混合的产物;补体二长花岗岩,高硅（SiO2=71. 51% ~ 73. 09%）、富碱（Na2O+K2O=7. 91% ~ 8. 61%）,为弱过铝质—强过铝质（A/CNK=1. 07 ~ 1. 11）,属分异I型花岗岩。比旗格淖复式岩体锆石εHf(t)分布范围为-3. 0 ~ 3. 4,对应的Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄为1473 ~ 1057 Ma。具有相对较低的[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)]i值（0. 704829 ~ 0. 705327）,εNd(t)值为-5. 85 ~ -8. 86,对应的Nd的二阶段模式年龄为1. 69 ~ 1. 45 Ga。结合区域研究资料,认为比旗格淖复式岩体为亏损地幔组分与受其诱发的部分熔融的古老地壳物质混合形成,属于后碰撞型花岗岩,这类岩体的形成标志了古亚洲洋在兴蒙造山带南缘的闭合,并发生造山后伸展作用。     

华南印支期碰撞造山--十万大山盆地构造和沉积学证据

十万大山盆地是云开造山带前陆地区的一个窄长的晚二叠世—中三叠世沉积盆地,位于扬子与华夏陆块拼接位置的西南端。十万大山盆地晚二叠世—中三叠世沉积由巨厚的磨拉石建造组成,并构成多个向上变粗和向上变细的构造-地层层序。云开造山带及前陆冲断带上泥盆统至下二叠统中发育了大量的印支期形成的薄皮褶皱和冲断构造。这些指示扬子和华夏陆块在印支期发生了强烈陆内碰撞与会聚及前陆盆地的沉积作用。P2 /P1 之间的不整合面是伸展构造向挤压构造转换的转换面,为华南印支期碰撞挤压造山或活化造山的序幕。T3 /T2 之间不整合面是挤压构造向伸展构造转换的转换面,是印支期活化挤压造山结束的界面,标志着晚二叠世开始的碰撞造山作用的结束。华南内部晚二叠世—中三叠世构造运动性质及转换与当时华南南缘存在的古特提斯洋的闭合及印支板块与华南陆块的碰撞作用有关。     

Gondwana-derived microcontinents — the constituents of the Variscan and Alpine collisional orogens

The European Variscan and Alpine mountain chains are collisional orogens, and are built up of pre-Variscan “building blocks” which, in most cases, originated at the Gondwana margin. Such pre-Variscan elements were part of a pre-Ordovician archipelago-like continental ribbon in the former eastern prolongation of Avalonia, and their present-day distribution resulted from juxtaposition through Variscan and/or Alpine tectonic evolution. The well-known nomenclatures applied to these mountain chains are the mirror of Variscan resp. Alpine organization. It is the aim of this paper to present a terminology taking into account their pre-Variscan evolution at the Gondwana margin. They may contain relics of volcanic islands with pieces of Cadomian crust, relics of volcanic arc settings, and accretionary wedges, which were separated from Gondwana by initial stages of Rheic ocean opening. After a short-lived Ordovician orogenic event and amalgamation of these elements at the Gondwanan margin, the still continuing Gondwana-directed subduction triggered the formation of Ordovician Al-rich granitoids and the latest Ordovician opening of Palaeo-Tethys. An example from the Alps (External Massifs) illustrates the gradual reworking of Gondwana-derived, pre-Variscan elements during the Variscan and Alpine/Tertiary orogenic cycles.