Three evolutionary stages of the collision orogenic deformation in the Middle Yangtze Region

A discussion of collision orogenic deformation has been made for the Middle Yangtze Region. Based on its deformation assemblage orders, three developing stages are classified successively as compression thrust uplift, strike-slip escape rheology and tension extension inversion. The collision orogenesis of the studied region has been divided into three developing periods of initial, chief and late orogeny. Based on the data from Wugong Mts., Jiuling Mts. and Xuefeng Mts., for each stage, its variation of stress and strain axes, the conversion of joint fractures and their relative tectonic evolution are described, models are plotted and corresponding explanations are made for the rock chronology dating value in the same tectonic period.     

河南康山金矿同位素地球化学及其对成岩成矿及流体作用模式的印证

康山金矿位于华北克拉通南缘熊耳山区，矿化类型介于蚀变破碎带于石英脉型矿床之间，为硅化体型金矿。蚀变矿化过程分为早期石英－黄铁矿阶段、中期多金属硫化物阶段和晚期碳酸盐阶段；温度分别集中在300－380℃、180-240℃和100－140℃；碳氢氧同位素研究揭示成矿流体由变质热液经混合热液，向大气降水热液演化。流体混合导致矿化中期成矿物质快速沉淀，多金属硫化物等多种矿物爆发形成，且结晶程度低（以玉髓和烟灰状黄铁矿为标志），含矿性好，是大规模成矿的关键。碳铅硫同位素研究表明成矿物质主要来自马超营断裂南侧由官道口群、栾川群、太华超群等地层构成的储冲板片，而赋矿围岩熊耳群提供成矿物质的可能性最小，因此认为中生代时沿马超营断裂倾向北的陆内俯冲诱发了流体成矿作用，导致康山金矿等熊耳山区10多处大中型矿床的形成和规律性分带，马超营断裂北侧是寻找金、银等矿床的有利地带。本文印证了同碰撞矿床的存在和成岩成矿及流体作用（CPMF）模式。     

云南巍山-永平矿集区碰撞成矿流体系统成矿物理化学条件分析

云南巍山-永平矿集区有铜金多金属中小型矿床及矿化点140余处，位于兰坪走滑拉分盆地南段，盆地发育和成矿作用与印度-亚洲板块碰撞密切相关。矿集区可分为紫金山背斜与公郎弧两个成矿流体系统。紫金山背斜成矿流体系统成矿流体的pH值为5．3～7．1，Eh值为-0．11V～2．84V，成矿压力为30MPa-130MPa，成矿温度为228℃～255℃，成矿深度在1．05km～6．67km。公郎弧成矿流体系统成矿流体的pH值为6．7～7．9，Eh值为-0．83V～0．11V，成矿压力为100MPa～225MPa，成矿温度为317℃～346℃，成矿深度为3．51km～7．89km。与紫金山背斜成矿流体系统相比，公郎弧成矿流体系统具有较高的成矿压力、成矿温度、成矿深度、pH值和较低的Eh值。但二者均属弱还原的中性-弱碱性成矿环境。     

超高压变质作用与成矿

超高压变质作用是指在地温梯度小于１０℃／ｋｍ条件下发生的高于“石英－柯石英”相变线压力的变质作用，一般发生在陆－陆碰撞造山带深部。由于其生成条件特殊，超高压变质岩中存在着金刚石、硬玉、蓝晶石及金红石等潜在的矿产资源。     

闽东南中生代碰撞造山带的确认证据

闽东南地区的大地构造性质屡有争议。本文依据造山带类型划分和碰撞造山带大地构造相模式理论鉴别出了闽东南活化基底、泉州蛇绿混杂岩带、长乐-南澳韧性剪切带、台湾西部前陆磨拉石盆地、闽东南沿海前陆褶冲带活化盖层和壳内低速带等大地构造相和碰撞造山带识别标志，确认闽东南地区为闽台微大陆与闽浙中生代火山弧碰撞形成的陆-弧型碰撞造山带，碰撞事件发生时间为100～120Ma。     

Mineral Composition and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of the Eclogitic Rocks in the Eastern Dabie Mountains and Their Genetic Implication

There are obvious differences in the mineral assemblage and metamorphic P-T conditions between the eclogites from the northern and southern parts of the eastern Dabie Mountains. Those from the northern part of the mountains are developed in Alpine peridotite and gneiss. They have a mineral assemblage of garnet+diopside with no quartz, and were formed at temperatures of 600℃-740℃. Those from the southern part are developed in gneiss and marble. They consist of garnet+omphacite+less quartz and were metamorphosed at temperatures in the range of 650°-800℃. These differences suggest that the former may be formed during the metamorphism of the deep subducted oceanic crust, whereas the latter may be genetically related to the subduction of the continental crust in this area.     

武陵源峰林地貌形成的大地构造条件

武陵源峰林是一种新被认识的峰林地貌类型。出于它是以千姿百态、形神兼备的石峰石柱密集,幽峡深壑纵横交错,并衬托以密茂的植被和碧清的溪湖之胜驰名于世,经联合国教科文组织批准列入世界自然遗产名录,成为世界级的重点保护地区。因其所构成的岩石、成因和产生的大地构造历史背景和发育环境具有自己的特色,遂在地貎学上饶有研究价值。在亚洲大地构造图中,武陵源位于东亚壳体南段,云贵地洼区的湘西黔东地穹列的东北端。构成上述峰林的岩石为时代属于晚泥盆世的地台构造层的石英砂岩。这种砂岩为本区地台阶段和缓期的产物,由于它所具有的稳定区型沉积建造特征所决定,其物质组份单纯,粒度和园度也分选性好,质地致密坚硬;同时又因其所在的部位受中生代地洼阶段造山运动的褶皱作用影响较弱,且他于一个宽展型向斜层轴部的末端,岩层产状尚保持平缓,而垂直节理及断层却十分发育,遂于第四纪新构造运动期内上升过程中,在风化、水蚀及重力的综合作用配合下,形成了这样奇丽的峰林景色。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early Palaeozoic igneous rocks of the western South Qilian Belt,central China

Early Palaeozoic granitoids in the South Qilian Belt, central China, record details of the tectonic evolution and crustal growth of the Qilian orogenic belt. Five representative granitoids from the western South Qilian Belt were sampled for zircon LA-ICPMS U–Pb dating, Lu–Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemical analyses. Zircon U–Pb dating of two porphyritic granodiorites and a porphyritic monzogranite yielded ages of 442.7 ± 3.5, 441.8 ± 4.3, and 435.4 ± 3.5 Ma, respectively. These granitoids exhibit a geochemical affinity to I-type granite, are metaluminous with a low aluminium saturation index (A/CNK = 0.75–1.15), have moderate Al₂O₃ and low MgO contents, high La/Yb and low Sr/Y ratios, and are depleted in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti, which suggests a subduction zone magmatic arc affinity, with mixing between a primary mantle-derived magma with lesser continental crustal material. The syenogranite and monzogranite from the South Qilian Belt, which yield U–Pb zircon ages of 440.4 ± 9.0 and 442.3 ± 1.2 Ma, respectively, have pronounced S-type geochemical affinities, are peraluminous with A/CNK values of 1.07–1.16, have relatively high SiO₂, Al₂O₃, K₂O, and Rb contents, low Y and Yb, low Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, positive Th, U, and light Rare Earth Element (REE) anomalies, and depletions in Nb, Ta, Sr, and Ti. Their geochemical signature suggests derivation from partial melting of continental crust in a syn-collisional setting. The Hf isotopic data of zircons from the granitoids show a significant input of Paleoproterozoic crust in the crustal formation of the western South Qilian Belt in Palaeozoic. Compare the ε_Hf(t) value of S-type granite with that of I-type granite, the former may have a comparatively homogeneous source. Together with regional evidence, it is proposed that a collisional event occurred between the South Qilian Belt and the Central Qilian Belt at ca. 442–435 Ma.     

中国陆壳演化、多块体拼合造山与特色成矿的关系

矿产资源的种类、时空分布、形成演化与成岩作用和大地构造格局密切相关。中国地质构造复杂,成矿条件多样(发育裂谷成矿、碰撞成矿、地幔柱成矿、低温成矿等特色成矿系统),矿床类型比较齐全,如大宗矿产(铁、铝、铜、钾盐)短缺,小宗矿产中盛产稀土元素(REE)、钨、锡、钼矿。中国早前寒武纪矿床相对较少,燕山期成矿集中爆发。这种矿产资源分布格局与中国大陆地壳的性质与演化、多块体拼合造山格局之间的内在联系尚待深入揭示。本文基于对中国陆壳演化、陆块与造山带组成格局和多块体拼合造山的系统分析总结,试图阐明中国成矿特色与其内在联系,从陆壳形成与造山带演化的宏观视角来研究中国大陆成矿特色、成矿物质时空分布规律,其特色包括:(1)中国陆壳的地台区与造山带区质量比约3∶7(全球陆壳地台区占69.6%),太古界面积小且支离破碎,地壳固化时间晚且运动频繁强烈,因此难以形成巨型条带状铁建造(BIF)富铁矿床、太古代火山岩块状硫化物型(VMS)铜锌矿带和元古代内克拉通裂谷有关的扎伊尔-赞比亚巨型铜矿。(2)环绕中朝-塔里木和扬子板块的增生造山带由老到新依次形成,并镶接于古板块边缘,使中国大陆逐渐增生扩展,导致火山岩型、与岩浆岩类和沉积岩系有关的大型矿床空间上向板块边缘推移,时间上越来越新,地壳演化成矿作用和矿床类型越来越多样化。(3)中亚成矿域以古生代多陆块拼合造山、中新生代陆内造山与山盆体系构成独特的地质构造格局。既发育增生造山阶段的弧环境相关矿床(蛇绿岩型铬铁矿、斑岩铜矿、VMS),也发育与碰撞造山有关的矿床(造山型金矿、石棉、滑石、白云母)、地幔柱叠置造山带背景下的岩浆铜镍矿和后碰撞陆内岩石圈伸展相关的大陆环境矿床(斑岩钼矿、热液金矿、伟晶岩型稀有金属矿)。(4)青藏高原(特提斯成矿域)系特提斯洋长期增生演化、印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的产物。其成矿条件优越,具有多期成矿作用、多矿种和多类型的复合成矿系统特点。形成了蛇绿岩套型铬铁矿、密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿和独具特色的碰撞环境超大型斑岩铜钼矿。(5)我国东部环太平洋成矿域,伴随晚中生代克拉通性质的根本转变及岩石圈明显的减薄过程与破坏,在华北克拉通周缘发生大规模的岩浆活动和强烈的金、铜、钼和轻稀土等成矿作用。不同时期的造山带干涉叠加使得南岭地区盛产花岗岩有关的钨、锡、钼矿,具有叠加改造成矿、大器晚成的鲜明成矿特色。由于中国成矿特色与大陆地壳演化密切相关,中国的找矿勘探部署必须立足于中国大陆演化与多块体拼合造山的基本地质事实,方能取得好的勘查效果。中国大陆小陆块拼合造山成矿还存在诸多未解之谜,文末提出了当前成矿学面临的一系列科学问题,对于今后我国找矿战略选区具有借鉴意义。