三江特提斯兰坪盆地构造-流体-成矿系统

西南三江中段兰坪地区经历了复杂的碰撞造山过程,导致成矿时间长、强度大、作用多样,复合叠加成矿突出;碰撞造山时空演化格架和成矿作用已有深入探索,而叠加成矿作用及其对碰撞造山过程的响应,构造控矿样式,及金属富集机理尚需研究。本文以碰撞造山过程与成矿系统研究为基础,选取金顶和金满等矿床为重点解剖对象,以盆地卤水和热液铅锌铜银成矿作用为主线,利用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb和流体包裹体测试分析手段,解析兰坪盆地构造-流体-成矿系统。利用锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得兰坪盆地西侧片麻质花岗岩和二长花岗岩的上交点年龄和加权平均年龄为1067±20Ma和206±1Ma,分别代表了基底岩石前寒武时期变质事件的年龄,以及昌宁-孟连古特提斯洋后碰撞造山事件的年龄。在此基础上,构建了兰坪盆地的前寒武盆地基底形成、中二叠世-中三叠世前陆盆地、晚三叠世裂谷盆地、侏罗纪-白垩纪坳陷盆地、古新世-早渐新世前陆盆地和晚渐新世-中新世走滑拉分盆地等复杂的转化过程。三江特提斯兰坪盆地发育3个与碰撞造山盆地有关的Pb-ZnCu-Ag-Au-Sb-Hg成矿系统:(1)中低温热液脉型Cu-Ag多金属成矿系统,以金满-连城铜钼矿床为代表。成矿铜和铅锌矿化两期叠加,集中于早始新世(56~46Ma)和渐新世-中新世(32~21Ma)。成矿流体盐度变化于0.88%~20.51%NaC leqv之间,成矿温度较低,通常在210~270℃,显示以低温高盐度的盆地卤水为主的特征,可能受到来自富CO2的变质流体影响;(2)浅成低温热液Sb-Au-Hg-As多金属成矿系统,以笔架山锑矿床为代表。成矿时间集中于中-晚始新世。成矿流体盐度6.0%NaC leqv,成矿温度较低,通常在145~200℃,显示以大气降水为主的特征;(3)密西西比河谷型Pb-Zn多金属成矿系统,以金顶超大型铅锌矿床为代表。成矿时间集中于32~21Ma之间。成矿流体盐度变化于1.6%~18%NaC leqv之间,成矿温度较低,通常在80~190℃,显示以低温高盐度的盆地卤水为主的特征,可能有大气降水的贡献。文章最后解析了兰坪盆地构造-流体-成矿过程。研究对兰坪地区盆地卤水–岩浆热液型铅锌铜银成矿系统认识,为大陆碰撞过程及叠加成矿作用进一步研究提供理论支撑。     

Sediment provenance of the Lulehe Formation in the Qaidam basin: Insight to initial Cenozoic deposition and deformation in northern Tibetan plateau

Unravelling early Cenozoic basin development in northern Tibetan Plateau remains crucial to understanding continental deformation mechanisms and to assessing models of plateau growth. We target coarse-grained red beds from the Cenozoic basal Lulehe Formation in the Qaidam basin by combining conglomerate clast compositions, paleocurrent determinations, sandstone petrography, heavy mineral analysis and detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology to characterize sediment provenance and the relationship between deformation and deposition. The red beds are dominated by matrix-supported, poorly sorted clastic rocks, implying low compositional and textural maturity and short transport distances. Although most sandstones have high (meta)sedimentary lithic fragment contents and abundant heavy minerals of metamorphic origin (e.g., garnet, epidote and chlorite), spatiotemporal differences in detrital compositions are evident. Detrital zircon grains mainly have Phanerozoic ages (210–280 Ma and 390–480 Ma), but Proterozoic ages (750–1000 Ma, 1700–2000 Ma and 2300–2500 Ma) are also prominent in some samples. Analysed strata display dissimilar (including south-, north- and west-directed) paleocurrent orientations. These results demonstrate that the Cenozoic basal deposits were derived from localized, spatially diverse sources with small drainage networks. We advocate that initial sedimentary filling in the northern Qaidam basin was fed by parent-rocks from the North Qaidam-South Qilian belts and the pre-Cenozoic basement within the Qaidam terrane interior, rather than southern distant Eastern Kunlun regions. Seismic and drilling well stratigraphic data indicate the presence of paleohighs and syn-sedimentary reverse faults and noteworthy diversity in sediment thickness of the Lulehe Formation, revealing that the Qaidam terrane exhibited as several isolated depocenters, rather than a coherent basin, in the early stage of the Cenozoic deposition. We suggest the Cenozoic Qaidam basin to have developed in a contractional deformation regime, which supports models with synchronous deformation throughout most of Tibet shortly after the India-Eurasia collision.     

北喜马拉雅及藏南伸展构造综述

印度与欧亚大陆碰撞发生于65Ma左右,造山作用则开始于中新世初期,该造山运动形成南喜马拉雅的逆冲推覆体系,导致喜马拉雅山脉的隆起。然而,与造山作用的同时,北喜马拉雅及藏南地区却经历了广泛的伸展作用,所形成的伸展构造包括:①北喜马拉雅地区,开始于24Ma左右的藏南拆离系(STDS);②北喜马拉雅及藏南地区,开始于14Ma左右的南北向裂谷;③北喜马拉雅穹隆带,形成时间大致与南北向裂谷相同;④广布于青藏高原、开始于中新世末期、随机分布的高角度正断层。上述不同阶段的伸展构造形成于不同机制,并在喜马拉雅造山带的发展过程中起着不同的地质作用。其中,北喜马拉雅穹隆是一种特殊的伸展构造,并可能形成于多种机制。     

论砾岩层控型半宽金矿的地质特征和成因

半宽金矿产于崤山地体铁铜沟组与下代岩层的不整合面或铁铜沟组底砾岩中，赋矿层金丰度明显高于其它岩石，属典型的层控矿床，称之砾岩层控型。矿物包裹体、同位素、微量元素等研究表明，矿床形成经历了Ⅰ期高温变质热液蚀变矿化、Ⅱ期中温变质－雨水混合热液蚀变矿化、Ⅲ期低温雨水热液蚀变矿化。Ⅲ期对矿床形成的贡献较小。成矿物质来源复杂，以深源为主。矿床形成于中生代沿马超营断裂向北的陆内俯冲作用，结晶基底与上覆地层的不整合面及上覆地层的底部是寻找半宽式金矿的有利位置。     

东南亚巽他群岛埃达克岩的分布及斑岩型铜(金)矿成矿预测的地质准则

东南亚巽他群岛是新生代埃达克岩、类埃达克岩极其发育的地区。这些中酸性岩浆岩广泛见于几内亚岛上的中央山脉、巴布亚新几内亚的欧文-斯坦利推覆带、俾斯麦岛弧、布干维尔岛-所罗门岛弧、印度尼西亚苏拉威西、加里曼丹中部、班达岛弧,零星见于苏门答腊、爪哇等地。根据微量元素特征及REE曲线类型的特点,本区埃达克岩可以明显地划分为2种类型：第一种埃达克岩类型属于拉斑/钙-碱性系列,具有大洋岛弧的REE曲线特征（相当于O型埃达克岩）;第二种埃达克岩属于高钾钙-碱性系列,归于大陆埃达克岩（相当于C型埃达克岩）,形成于弧-陆碰撞带或碰撞后造山带。埃达克岩与浅成热液金属矿床和斑岩矿床的成矿作用有密切的关系,是世界级浅成热液和斑岩铜-金矿的容矿岩石。     

济阳坳陷及其邻近地区早第三纪海侵问题之我见

本文针对长期争议的早第三纪时期济阳坳陷及其邻近地区是否存在海侵问题,根据沉积特征及古生物资料,以济阳坳陷为例,重点研究了下第三系沙河街组二段至一段的演化特征,提出了新的观点——海啸。指出了遍布于整个渤海湾盆地的沙二段上部冲积相是由强海啸形成,它也是造成沙一段时期发生第三纪以来最大湖淹的主要原因。认为海啸的成因很可能与星体对地球的碰撞有关,属于地质时期的偶然事件。     

VGIS-COLLIDE: an effective collision detection algorithm for multiple objects in virtual geographic information system

Abstract

Collision detection is an important component in simulation applications which are based on virtual geographic information system (VGIS). In this paper, an effective collision detection algorithm for multiple objects in VGIS, VGIS-COLLIDE, is presented. The algorithm firstly integrates existing quadtree, which is the global hierarchical structure of VGIS, with axis-aligned bounding box of object to perform the broad-phase of collision detection. After that, exact collision detection between two objects which have passed the broad-phase of collision detection is performed. The algorithm makes no assumption about input primitives or object's motion and is directly applicable to all triangulated models. It can be applicable to both rigid and deformable objects without preprocessing. The performance of the algorithm has been demonstrated in several environments consisting of a high number of objects with hundreds of thousands of triangles.     

东南亚新生代两类埃达克岩的分布、成因和含矿性

东南亚的巽他群岛-巴布亚新几内亚是新生代埃达克岩和类埃达克岩发育的地区。这些中酸性岩浆岩广泛见于印度尼西亚几内亚岛、苏拉威西和巴布亚新几内亚, 零星见于苏门答腊、班达岛弧、西爪哇和中加里曼丹等地。本区埃达克岩和类埃达克岩岩石类型分别属于岛弧拉斑钙碱性系列和高钾钙碱性系列, 以重稀土元素Y, Yb含量低(分别为Y ≤19 ×10-6和Yb ≤1.8 ×10-6)和高Sr值(＞355 × 10-6)为特征。微量元素蛛网图上有明显的Ba、K、Sr正异常峰和负的Th、Nb (Ta)异常谷。大离子亲石元素(LILE)和高场强元素(HFSE)相对富集。本区埃达克岩和类埃达克岩的构造位置为新生代缝合线附近的大洋岛弧和陆缘造山带, 可划分为两种成因类型:第一种为岛弧拉斑/钙碱性系列, 其REE配分模式属于大洋岛弧型, 见于现代大洋岛弧, 称为岛弧型(O-型)埃达克岩; 另一种为高钾钙碱性系列, 其REE配分模式属于大陆型, 产于大陆板块边缘造山带, 与弧-陆碰撞和后碰撞构造环境有成因联系, 见于大陆边缘, 称为大陆型(C-型)埃达克岩。 研究结果表明:大陆型(C-型)埃达克岩和类埃达克岩分布区域与世界级斑岩铜-金矿分布相一致, 而大洋岛弧型(O-型)主要与浅成热泉金矿和喷气型有成因联系。      

THE SOURCE PARAMETERS AND RUPTURE PROCESS OF THE MW7.0 EARTHQUAKE IN ALASKA,USA ON DECEMBER 1, 2018

A magnitude M_W7.0 earthquake struck north of Anchorage, Alaska, USA on 1 December 2018. This earthquake occurred in the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone, on a fault within the subducting Pacific slab rather than on the shallower boundary between the Pacific and North American plates. In order to better understand the earthquake source characteristics and slip distribution of source rupture process as well as to explore the effect of tectonic environment on dynamic triggering of earthquake, the faulting geometry, slip distribution, seismic moment, source time function are estimated from broadband waveforms downloaded from IRIS Data Management Center. We use the regional broadband waveforms to infer the source parameters with ISOLA package and the teleseismic body wave recorded by stations of the Global Seismic Network is employed to conduct slip distribution inversion with iterative deconvolution method. The focal mechanism solution indicates that the Alaska earthquake occurred as the result of tensile-type normal faulting, the estimated centroid depth from waveform inversion shows that the earthquake occurred at the depth of 56.5km, and the centroid location is 10km far away in northeast direction relative to the location of initial epicenter. We use the aftershock distribution to constrain the fault-plane strike of a normal fault to set up the finite fault model, the finite fault inversion shows that the earthquake slip distribution is concentrated mainly on a rectangular area with 30km×20km, and the maximum slip is up to 3.6m. In addition, the slip distribution shows an asymmetrical distribution and the range of possible rupture direction, the direction of rupture extends to the northeast direction, which is same as that of aftershock distribution for a period of ten days after the mainshock. It is interesting to note that a seismic gap appears in the southwest of the seismogenic fault, we initially determined that the earthquake was a typical normal fault-type earthquake that occurred in the back-arc extensional environment of the subduction collision zone between the Pacific plate and the North American plate, this earthquake was not related to tectonic movement of faults near the Earth's surface. Due to the influence of high temperature and pressure during the subduction of the Pacific plate toward to the north, the subduction angle of the Pacific plate becomes steep, causing consequently the backward bending deformation, thus forming to a tensile environment at the trailing edge of the collision zone and generating the M_W7.0 earthquake in Alaska.     

A review on the lithospheric structures in the Tibetan Plateau and constraints for dynamics

In the last decade, several international joint projects were conducted in the Tibetan Plateau by Chinese, American and French geophysicists and geologists. In the present review, the results from vertical reflections, wide-angle reflections and broadband digital seismic recordings are reviewed and compared. Constraints for the dynamics of continent-continent collision from the lithospheric structures, seismicity, focal mechanism and anisotropy are discussed.The velocities ofPn,Sn, , were accurately determined by using their travel times from local events. They evidenced that the uppermost mantle underneath the Tibetan Plateau was similar to that of the ordinary continental mantle.The reflection profile from INDEPTH-I furnishes convincing evidence that the Indian crust penetrates into the Tibetan lower crust. The results from teleseismic waveform inversion reveal that the Moho discontinuity dips northwards, and an offset of Moho occurs near Bangong suture.The fact that materials within the Tibetan Plateau escape laterally has been proposed by several authors. Recent data and studies provide further convincing evidence that eastward mass transfer does occur, and their paths and natures are investigated.Some authors suggested that the large strike slip faults (Kun Lun, Xianshuihe) in the eastern plateau may be related to the lateral extrusion. However, most of the strike slips are left-lateral, and extrusion could not occur without right-lateral strike slips. Recent observations of the focal mechanisms and geological structure indicate that the earthquakes in the Yanshiping-Changdu belt are left-lateral strike slip. It is the southeast zone of the left-lateral slip faults in the eastern Tibetan plateau. Geological and seismological evidence show that the Bencuo-Jiali belt is the only large right-lateral fault in the eastern plateau. It was proposed that the present eastward extrusion occurs between the Yangshiping-Changdu left-lateral strike slip and the Bencuo-Jiali right-lateral strike slip. The other left-lateral strike slips north of the Yangshiping-Changdu belt are considered to be the fossils of the ancient flow paths.