一株菌红素产生菌的鉴定及色素组分分析

对分离自腌鱼的高产菌红素(bacterioruberin)的菌株r-fish进行了形态特征、生理生化特性与细胞化学组分的分析以及基于16SrDNA序列的系统发育分析。形态特征、生理生化特性及细胞化学组分的分析结果表明菌株r-fish为球形的嗜盐古菌。基于16SrDNA序列的系统发育结果表明,r-fish与Halobacterium trapanicum NCIMB784菌株的相似性为99．8％,归入Na-trinema属。用TLC法对r-fish的色素进行了分析,r-fish的色素组分包括菌红素(bacteriorubefin)、脱水菌红素(anhydrobacteriorubefin)、双脱水菌红素(bisanhydrobacteriorubeftn)和一未知色素。与Halobacteriumhalobium和Halococcus morrhuae的色素组分相似。     

微生物、有机质、油气与砂岩型铀矿①

统计表明,世界上已知重要的砂岩型铀矿床的含矿主岩不同程度地含有机质、微生物或油气。对十红滩矿床、努和廷矿床及512矿床进行有机岩石学、有机地球化学、铀与有机碳相关关系分析等研究结果表明,微生物、有机质或油气在砂岩型铀矿成矿的过程中起了重要的作用。     

Biological hydrogen production from organic wastewater with a novel strain B49 isolated from anaerobic sewage sludge

Water pollution of river basin has increased with increasing discharge of sewage and the water quality has deteriorated due to the discharge of organic wastewater. Pretreatment of organic wastewater before discharging is of significance for the protection of water resources. The anaerobic digestion of organic substrates has been a well-developed biological treatment method for wastewater and wastes. Especially, the biohydrogen production using organic wastewater can produce an energy product and simultaneously reduce the pollution intensity of the wastes. Microorganisms with high hydrogen-producing capacity perform an important function in biohydrogen production. In this paper, we investigated the zymolytic characteristics of a novel strain of bacteria B49 isolated from anaerobic activated sludge using waste liquid from a sugarhouse as substrate. The effect of yeast extract on microbial conversion of waste liquid from the sugarhouse was investigated. Different carbohydrates （such as glucose, sucrose, trisaccharide, molasses, etc.） in the waste liquid serve as major energy sources for B49＇s cell growth. The hydrogen yield of 2410 mL-H2/L-culture was obtained using glucose as substrate. When the waste liquid from the sugarhouse （molasses） was used as substrate, maximum hydrogen yield of 2460 mL-H2/L-culture was obtained at 2% of molasses.     

石墨对污泥中厌氧微生物代谢产物及其性能的影响

矿物材料对废水厌氧处理及厌氧污泥改性具有十分重要的作用,而微生物代谢产物是生物处理系统的重要组分,在提高污染物去除率和甲烷产量等方面也起到非常重要的作用。本研究对矿物材料石墨和厌氧微生物共存体系内溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)进行了分析表征。结果表明,石墨对EPS和SMP的组成和含量影响显著,主要是由于石墨的吸附作用及其对石墨颗粒的环境毒性所致。红外光谱分析表明,添加石墨体系内SMP与EPS的基团种类并未发生明显改变,但含量有所改变。三维荧光分析结果显示,SMP的主要荧光类物质为色氨酸类似物和腐殖质(辅酶NADH),而EPS的主要荧光类物质为色氨酸类似物和腐殖酸,石墨能明显降低色氨酸类似物及腐殖酸类物质的产生。石墨会减弱微生物的相对疏水性,提高表面自由能,有利于微生物团聚体的形成。     

石油污染物的微生物降解

从炼油厂污水池底泥中富集、驯化、分离、筛选,得到4种优势石油降解菌。采用摇床培养,研究了各优势菌和混合菌对石油烃的降解性能。结果表明:4种菌和混合菌20 d可将初始质量浓度为10000 mg/L的石油烃依次降解90.8%、88.9%、57.8%、49.8%、91.2%;培养液中石油烃的半衰期依次为5.5、6、15、19、5 d。初步鉴定4种菌分别属:节细菌(Arthrobacter sp.)、芽胞杆菌(Bacillus sp.)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.)。     

碳酸盐岩微生物溶蚀作用特征及意义

为研究微生物对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用,将灰岩在细菌、放线菌、真菌环境下进行溶蚀试验,并利用扫描电子显微镜对试验前后的岩样进行扫描,以研究其微观溶蚀形态及机理。结果表明:加入微生物后,岩样的溶蚀显著加强,其中真菌的溶蚀能力最强、放线菌次之、而细菌的最弱;不同微生物作用下的岩样其微观溶蚀形态不同,细菌溶蚀后的样品表面呈蜂窝状溶蚀,放线菌的呈线状溶蚀,而真菌的呈絮状溶蚀,这与微生物本身的形态有关。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川浅冰芯中红酵母菌多样性及种系的产酶特性分析

采用4种分离培养基分离可培养酵母菌, 通过分析ITS区序列确定菌株的分类地位。利用多点接触法筛选产酶菌株, 并对菌株的生理生化特征进行比较分析。结果显示： 从乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川（简称乌源1号冰川）浅冰芯中一共分离得到317株酵母菌, 通过ITS rRNA基因序列的NCBI比对和MSP-PCR指纹分型分析发现其中45株为原红酵母菌（Rhodotorula）, 分为5个种R.glutinis、 R.araucariae、 R.mucilaginosa、 R.kratochvilovae和R.diobovata。通过方差分析和聚类分析对45株红酵母进行产酶差异分析, 揭示红酵母菌的各个种群与胞外酶活性的关系。所有菌株至少产两种胞外酶, 其中产纤维素酶菌株占98%, 产果胶酶菌株占100%, 产淀粉酶和脲酶的菌株各47%, 产蛋白酶和脂肪酶的菌株分别占20%和9%, 而菌株YHB-9、 YHB-15、 YHB-39和YHB-45可以产5种酶, 所有菌株都不产几丁质酶。19株菌的最适生长温度在21 ℃左右, 26株菌的最适生长温度在24 ℃左右, 属于耐冷酵母菌。此外, 乌源1号冰川浅冰芯中分离出的红酵母的产酶性状没有表现出物种特异性, 即种间差异不显著, 但产低温酶性能良好, 在生物技术应用方面具有良好的开发潜力。     

不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系及商值(qMB,qCO2)

通过实验,研究了种植年限不同的3种苜蓿地0～10cm和10～20cm土层的土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、基础呼吸强度、代谢商和微生物生物量商(qMB,qCO2)。结果表明,微生物数量在不同年限苜蓿地之间有不同的变化。微生物量碳、微生物量氮指标显示土壤质量4年生苜蓿地>1年生苜蓿地>2年生苜蓿地,基础呼吸强度和代谢商指标显示土壤质量4年生苜蓿地>2年生苜蓿地>1年生苜蓿地。在不施肥的条件下,4年生苜蓿地土壤质量最好,表明苜蓿种植时间越长,对土壤肥力影响越大。     

低温β-半乳糖苷酶产生菌的筛选、鉴定、生长特性及酶学性质的初步研究

自北冰洋楚科奇海、加拿大海盆、格陵兰海和中国南极中山站近岸的海水、海冰和沉积物样品中分离的322株低温细菌中筛选出73株低温β-半乳糖苷酶产生菌,并对其中1株BCw006进行了研究。通过16S rDNA序列同源性分析表明,该菌株属于交替单胞菌属,定名为Alteromonas sp.BCw006。对该菌株研究表明:该菌最适生长和产酶温度为24℃;在pH6.0—8.0、含0%—6.O% NaCl的培养基条件下菌株能够较好地生长与产酶,其最适生长和产酶NaCl浓度分别为3%和1%,乳糖对β-半乳糖苷酶合成具有明显诱导作用,酵母粉和蛋白胨是菌株生长和产酶较适宜的氮源,酶的最适作用温度为35℃,0℃时能保持35℃下酶活的25%左右,表明其具有较好的适应低温特性。酶对热敏感,60℃时作用30min后酶活力下降了41%。     

Distribution of microbial fatty acids and fatty alcohols in soils from an altitude transect of Mt. Jianfengling in Hainan,China: Implication for paleoaltimetry and paleotemperature reconstruction

The temperature gradient along the altitude transect of Mt.Jianfengling provides a good opportunity to establish and evaluate the microbial lipid-based environmental proxies.The soils collected from 14 different altitudes of Mt.Jianfengling contain abundant microbial fatty acids and fatty alcohols,including iso/anteiso fatty acids(i/aC12:0–i/aC19:0),10-Me-C16:0 fatty acid,iso/anteiso fatty alcohols(i/aC13–iC26),10-Me-C16:0 fatty alcohol and unsaturated fatty alcohols,which can indicate a strong microbial activity in the Jianfengling soils.The branched and unsaturated fatty alcohols can be only detected when saponification is performed,implying that these lipids are present as the constituents of bacterial wax esters in the soils.The ratio of aC15/iC15 fatty acids is positively correlated with altitude,suggesting that the decrease in temperature can induce the increase in the relative abundance of anteiso C15 fatty acid.In contrast,the ratio of aC15/iC15 fatty alcohols and of aC15/nC15 fatty alcohols both decrease with increased altitude or decreased temperature.Similarly,the ratio of nC18:1/nC18:0 fatty alcohols also decreases with decreased temperature,which is opposite to the previous observation that unsaturation of fatty acids in microorganism increases in response to decreased temperature.Besides,the average chain length(ACL)of long chain fatty alcohols(C22–C30)from leaf waxes and carbon preference index(CPI)of all n-fatty alcohols are also significantly correlated with altitude or mean annual temperature,demonstrating their potential for paleoclimate reconstruction.The correlation of microbial fatty acids and alcohols as well as ACL and CPI of plant wax-derived fatty alcohols with altitude may provide novel ways to reconstruct paleotemperature and paleoaltimetry.