安徽桂花冲铜矿床成矿流体演化特征研究

桂花冲铜矿床是铜陵矿集区沙滩脚矿田内新发现的一个以斑岩型矿化为主的矽卡岩-斑岩复合型铜矿床。文章对该矿床的矿床地质和斑岩型矿化成矿流体进行了初步研究,旨在查明该矿床成矿流体的演化过程。根据脉体的穿切关系及矿物共生组合,桂花冲铜矿斑岩型矿化成矿过程可划分为钾化、硅化、石英黄铁矿、石英多金属硫化物和碳酸盐5个阶段。硅化阶段主要发育纯气体、含子矿物及富气相包裹体,石英黄铁矿阶段主要发育纯气体、富液相、富气相及含子矿物包裹体,石英多金属硫化物阶段及碳酸盐阶段主要发育富液相包裹体。从硅化阶段至碳酸盐阶段,成矿流体由高温(472.9℃)、高盐度(47.7%~74.0%)的岩浆热液逐渐向中低温(140.2~280.3℃)、低盐度(1.6%~7.7%)的岩浆热液和大气降水的混合流体演化,成矿过程中流体经历了沸腾及混合作用,混合作用是导致铜沉淀的主要机制。     

西准噶尔哈图成矿带主要金矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

哈图成矿带位于西准噶尔地区达拉布特大断裂的西北侧,是新疆北部最重要的金成矿带之一。哈图成矿带从西南至北东依次分布着哈图、齐Ⅱ、齐Ⅲ、齐Ⅳ以及齐Ⅴ等金矿床,这些金矿床均受NEE向的安齐断裂及其次级断裂控制,矿体工业类型分石英脉型和蚀变岩型。笔者重点研究了哈图、齐Ⅱ和齐Ⅴ金矿床。根据脉体穿切关系和矿物交代关系,将哈图、齐Ⅱ和齐Ⅴ金矿床分为早、中、晚3个成矿阶段。流体包裹体研究表明,哈图金矿床流体包裹体主要有3种类型:富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、CO2-H2O包裹体,齐Ⅱ、齐Ⅴ金矿床发育富液相包裹体和富气相包裹体。从早阶段至晚阶段,哈图、齐Ⅱ、齐Ⅴ金矿床主成矿阶段均一温度分别集中在213~285℃、240~306℃、225~319℃;w(Na Cleq)分别为0.53%~4.14%、1.91%~7.99%、0.88%~3.23%;密度分别为0.574~0.948 g/cm3、0.730~0.934 g/cm3、0.536~0.918 g/cm3,成矿压力分别为52.1~69.5 MPa、62.9~68.8 MPa、49.9~80.7 MPa,均属中-低温、低盐度、低密度流体,三者的成矿深度平均值均为2 km左右。哈图、齐Ⅱ和齐Ⅴ金矿床成矿流体分别属于Na Cl-H2O±CH4±CO2±N2、Na Cl-H2O±CH4、Na Cl-H2O±CH4±CO2体系。水-岩反应作用及流体的不混溶作用是导致金沉淀成矿的主要因素。     

陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组五段蒸发岩沉积环境与作用——来自石盐流体包裹体的证据

陕北盐盆地因发育全球罕见的奥陶系马家沟组五段含盐地层受到广泛关注。文章运用X射线粉晶衍射矿物组分半定量分析、流体包裹体的均一温度、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜能谱和包裹体氢同位素分析等多种手段,对陕北米脂县境内两口钻井奥陶系马家沟组石盐岩进行了分析和测试。流体包裹体均一温度测试结果表明,石盐岩中原生单一液相包裹体、次生正方形单一液相包裹体的均一温度平均值分别为27.9℃、30.6℃,峰值均为25~30℃,次生与原生的流体包裹体的形成环境基本一致。在重结晶程度高的层段,石盐岩流体包裹体的δD值和石盐岩K+含量的变化趋势相反,结合该时期内含盐层段宏观地质特征以及钾石盐颗粒常呈圆粒状赋存在石盐晶间裂缝等微观证据,笔者认为研究区石盐岩沉积时因外来水体频繁侵入导致原生石盐岩发生溶解和重结晶,降低了形成大规模钾盐矿床的概率。     

内蒙古商都县双井子层控金矿床的成矿流体特征

内蒙古双井子金矿为赋存于浅变质含碳细碎屑岩系地层中的层控型金矿床,其直接赋矿围岩为白云鄂博群中的比鲁特组碳质板岩/碳质千枚状板岩和褐铁矿化的石英岩。这种浅变质含碳细碎屑岩系中广泛存在多期次与金矿化相关的石英脉。本文划分这些与金矿化相关的石英脉体的期次,应用冷热台和原位激光拉曼光谱等分析技术,探讨双井子层控金矿的成矿流体特征。结果表明,根据石英脉体野外穿插关系可将其划分为两个期次:第Ⅰ期是产于比鲁特组碳质板岩中的顺层石英脉,第Ⅱ期石英脉产于比鲁特组褐铁矿化的石英岩中,部分为切过第Ⅰ期碳质板岩顺层石英脉的石英细脉。流体包裹体均一温度集中在180℃~280℃,盐度集中在4.0 wt%Na Clequiv~15.0wt%Na Clequiv,流体的密度范围0.76 g/cm~3~0.98 g/cm~3,推测双井子金矿为中低温、中低盐度层控型热液矿床。激光Raman光谱分析结果表明,双井子矿区成矿流体属于CO_2-CH_4-SO_2-H_2O-NaCl体系。两期流体均具有中低温、中低盐度及弱还原性的特征,且成分复杂,第Ⅰ期可能为深源岩浆与浅部壳体岩层相互反应而产生的混源流体,使地层中成矿组分发生弱富集;第Ⅱ期为主成矿期,其流体很有可能是区内混合了地表水的岩浆期后热液。     

Rapid crystallization of the Animikie Red Ace Pegmatite,Florence county,northeastern Wisconsin: inclusion microthermometry and conductive-cooling modeling

We evaluated the crystallization regime of a zoned pegmatite dike and the degree of magma undercooling at the onset of crystallization by analyzing coeval fluid and melt inclusion assemblages. The liquidus temperature of the pegmatite magma was ~720°C, based on re-melting of crystallized-melt inclusions in heating experiments. The magma crystallized sequentially starting with a thin border zone, which formed in less than one day at an average temperature of ~480°C based on primary fluid inclusions, meaning 240°C undercooling. The primary inclusions from the outer zones were postdated by secondary inclusions trapped between 580 and 720°C, representing fluid exsolved from hotter, still crystallizing inner pegmatite units. The huge temperature contrast between the pegmatite’s inner and outer zones was simulated by conductive-heat numerical modeling. A 2.5 m wide dike emplaced in 220°C rocks cools entirely to <400°C in less than 50 days. Unidirectional and skeletal textures also indicate rapid, disequilibrium crystallization.     

The indigenous origin of Witwatersrand “carbon”

In the Witwatersrand approximately 40% of the gold is intimately associated with so-called “carbon” in “carbon seam reefs”, which occur in over a dozen paleoplacers, many of them concentrated at two stratigraphic levels in the 7000-m-thick succession of Archean siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. This is reduced carbon, present as kerogen admixed in various proportions with derivative (now solid) bitumen(s). Oil generation and migration were active geological processes during Early Earth history. Numerous possible source rocks for oil generation, including the carbon seams themselves, occur within the Witwatersrand basin. In the Witwatersrand ore, oil-bearing fluid inclusions are also present, derived like the bitumen, by thermal maturation of the kerogen. The presence of kerogen and bitumen in the Witwatersrand sedimentary rocks, together with a wealth of observations on the spatial distribution of the carbon seams confirm that the carbon originated in situ from living organisms in microbial mat cover, as opposed to flowing in from elsewhere as liquid hydrocarbons as some researchers have suggested. Paleochannels, which truncated auriferous carbon seams early in the depositional history, are of widespread occurrence, and micro-synsedimentary faults offset carbon seams. The carbon seams are thus indigenous biogenic markers that grew contemporaneously with placer development. The various features highlighting the nature and spatial distribution of Witwatersrand carbon seams provide a classic case where field evidence trumps laboratory data in the reconstruction of geological processes.     

断裂带中流体包裹体的应用——以东营凹陷平南断裂为例

断裂是油气运移的主要通道之一,断裂带岩石中的包裹体可以反映流体当时的物理、化学性质及断裂性质。本文通过对平南断裂岩石样品中的包裹体进行岩相学研究,发现平南断裂是一条早期形成,后期经过正负反转运动的断裂带;包裹体均一温度的研究表明,平南断裂带中有两期油气运移事件发生,两期对应的温度分别为60~85℃和90~120℃,平南断裂下盘潜山油藏主要是第二期油气运聚而成。     

流体包裹体压力计研究之二:高温高压下碳氢化合物的拉曼光谱

在温度23～315℃、压力高达近2000MPa下用金刚石压腔下研究了正庚烷、环己烷及其混合物的拉曼光谱特征。结果表明：环己烷和正庚烷混合,只是改变了环己烷及正庚烷的平均C-H伸缩振动的拉曼位移,但是并不影响其P-△^-vp关系式。另外,经过数据拟合,得到了平均C-H伸缩振动的拉曼位移与压力的关系为：P=78．21（△^-vp）＋71．56。该公式可以用来作为流体包裹体尤其是油气包裹体的压力计。     

松辽盆地深层火山岩储层中的CH4包裹体:产状特征及其地质意义

营城组火山岩是松辽盆地深层油气藏的主要储层之一,本次研究我们在该组火山岩中首次发现了较多的纯CH4包裹体,这类包裹体主要以原生及次生形式产于流纹岩石英斑晶及玄武岩气孔充填矿物石英之中。综合分析认为,伴随营城组火山岩喷发活动,产生了较多的无机成因的CH4等气体,它们连同可能存在的其它有机成因的烃类气体一起,沿流纹岩中的微裂隙及玄武岩中的气孔等构造运移、聚集,从而形成深层火山岩储层中的富CH4天然气藏。因此,营城组火山岩不仅仅作为被动的油气储层存在,而且该期火山活动可能也为深层油气成藏提供了至少部分CH4等气体的来源。     

山东昌乐玄武岩内刚玉巨晶中流体和熔融包裹体测温及激光拉曼密度分析

通过详细的测温并辅以新发展的激光拉曼分析流体包裹体密度技术,对山东昌乐玄武岩内刚玉巨晶中的流体和熔融包裹体进行了测试,鉴定出:刚玉中多类流体包裹体为富CO2包裹体,也含少量其他挥发分,密度低于0.55g/cm3(多数<0.3 g/cm3)或位于0.65～0.75 g/cm3范围,前者指示包裹体遭受泄漏;另外一类流体包裹体为富CO2盐水包裹体,也含少量其他挥发分,密度0.64～0.78 g/cm3.各类熔融包裹体中,一类在1 100～1 300℃均一,另3类在1 040～1 280℃均一,但熔融包裹体中也有许多无法均一,是由于其内固体物质粘滞性高同时升温时间有限或富CO2相、富熔体相不均一捕获所致.以熔融包裹体最低均一温度(1 000～1 100℃)代表刚玉内包裹体的捕获温度,用"等容线法"限定包裹体捕获压力为350～640 MPa,经静岩压力换算深度为12～23 km,即中-下地壳深度.大量富CO2包裹体在测温过程中无法观察到相变行为,是鉴定昌乐刚玉的重要标志,而富CO2及含CO2盐水包裹体与熔融包裹体密切伴生及熔融包裹体不均一捕获的特点,反映捕获温压条件下深部流体和熔体存在不混溶现象,也表明昌乐刚玉形成于中一下地壳CO2过饱和的高温熔体环境.