气候变化和人类活动对中国地表水文过程影响定量研究

利用中国372个水文站月径流数据（1960-2000年）及41个水文站年径流数据（2001-2014年）,采用基于Budyko假设的水热耦合平衡方程,构建气候变化和人类活动对径流变化影响定量评估模型,在Penman-Monteith潜在蒸发分析基础上,进一步分析气象因子对径流变化的弹性系数,量化气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明：① 中国北方地区流域径流变化对各气象因子弹性系数明显大于中国南方地区。就全国而言,径流变化对各因子的弹性系数为：降水>土地利用/土地覆盖变化（LUCC）>相对湿度>太阳辐射>最高气温>风速>最低气温;② 1980-2000年,气候变化总体上有利于增加中国年径流量,而降水对年径流量增加的贡献最为显著;③ 1980-2000年,中国南方流域中,气候变化对年径流变化的影响以增加作用为主,而北方流域,以减少年径流作用为主。对中国大多数流域径流变化而言,人类活动的影响主要以减少年径流量为主。2001-2014年,气候变化以减少径流量为主,人类活动对径流变化的影响程度明显增强,气候变化与人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为53.5%、46.5%。该研究对气候变化与人类活动影响下,中国水资源规划管理、防灾减灾及保障水资源安全具有重要理论与现实意义。     

中国石化产业空间组织的评价与优化(英文)

The spatial organization of the Chinese petrochemical industry was optimized ac-cording to the status of development of the industry employing linear programming and Ar-cGIS spatial analysis tools. We first identified the indexes of the spatial organization of the petrochemical industry and established a comprehensive evaluation index system that in-cludes four major categories and 11 indicators. The weight of each index was then deter-mined by the analytical hierarchy process. Afterward, taking the 337 Chinese prefecture-level administrations as basic units and scientifically evaluating the potential comprehensive layout coefficients of the cities, 151 prefecture-level administrative units were selected as the basis for the choice of optimization sites with a linear programming model. Secondly, using the 151 prefecture-level administrative units and the maximum-coverage model, the optimal number and spatial distribution of refineries were identified for service radii of 100, 200 and 300 km. Thirdly, considering the actual distribution of China’s refineries, general rules for the number of refinery layout points and objective values were summarized, and 52 refinery layout points were selected for China. Finally, with ArcGIS spatial analysis tools, the spatial effect of the 52 optimal refinery layout points was simulated for the service scope and socioeconomic factors respectively, and the GDP and population data for each refinery layout point were then ex-tracted within the service scope. On this basis and with estimation of the intensity of crude-oil consumption, final results were obtained for the optimal spatial organization of the Chinese refining capacity and ethylene production capacity.     

泥浆体流变试验的比测

这次泥浆体流变试验的比测使用了五种不同规格的旋转式粘度计,并把其测试结果与毛管式粘度计的测试结果作了对比。对比结果表明:若用旋转式粘度计测试具有非牛顿体特性的泥浆体,应尽可能采用具有转筒半径比(α=外筒半径R_c/内筒半径R_b)较小的测试室;若是用具有α>1.05的测试室测试,所得的数据则应作特殊处理。毛管式、旋转式两种粘度计的测试结果基本一致,并具相仿的精度。测试结果的离散程度超过仪器的测试误差。这有待进一步研究、查明原因。     

数字图像处理在道路交通数据采集中的应用研究

主要研究数字图像处理技术在MDCS中对于交通标志信息自动识别的应用,通过多级图像提取和多种特征识别和匹配算法,提高交通标志识别的准确率,从而大大提高交通标志数据的采集和更新周期。     

基于优化包络相关法的罗兰C天波延迟估计算法

针对低信噪比条件下,罗兰C天波信号延迟时间估计的准确性和有效性问题,提出基于优化包络的相关系数时域法。通过分析标准罗兰C信号包络的特征,分别采用微分和二次微分方法对罗兰C信号包络进行优化,形成陡峭的包络信号上升沿;利用相关系数法对接收信号包络和参考信号包络进行匹配,形成的匹配峰值分别对应地波和天波信号到达的时刻,由此可获得天波信号的延迟时间;通过仿真分析和实测信号试验验证,证明该方法能满足数字化接收机的实际要求,并具有更高的抗干扰能力、估计准确性和自动识别功能的特点。估计的结果还可以作为判别相位跟踪和周期识别正确率的辅助依据。     

高充填率开采地表下沉系数研究

为解决"三下"压煤问题,本文以邯矿集团亨健煤矿2515工作面为研究对象,对现场进行实测,计算地表实测下沉系数;采用文克儿地基假设方法,对比分析了不同开采方法采空区上覆岩层破断规律.结果表明:采用全部垮落法开采,推进距离等于直接顶的极限跨距(l=25.7 m)时极限挠度约为1.057 m,随着工作面推进,直接顶出现破碎;...     

热水条件下角闪石断层泥的摩擦滑动性质——与斜长石断层泥的对比

基于速率与状态依赖性摩擦本构关系理论框架,在热水条件下研究了角闪石断层泥的摩擦滑动性质并与闪长岩的另一种主要矿物斜长石的摩擦滑动性质进行了对比.摩擦实验是在三轴实验系统上完成,有效正应力200 MPa,孔隙压力30 MPa,并将加载速率在1.22 μm/s和 0.122 μm/s之间实施了切换.结果表明角闪石的摩擦系数均值为0.70±0.01,随着温度增加没有系统性的变化,整体低于斜长石的摩擦系数(0.75±0.01);计算与实验表明,角闪石和斜长石的摩擦系数的体积分数加权平均值与闪长岩的摩擦系数基本一致;角闪石在实验温度范围内(100～614 ℃)显示速率强化(a-b>0),与斜长石在整个温度范围内的速率弱化(a-b<0)正好相反;角闪石的速率依赖性在整个实验温度范围内无系统性的变化.     

Predicting the displacement of triple pendulum™ bearings in a full‐scale shaking experiment using a three‐dimensional element

The accuracy of a series spring model to predict the peak displacement and displacement history of Triple Pendulum? (TP) bearings in a strongly shaken, full‐scale building is evaluated in this paper. The series spring model was implemented as a self‐contained three‐dimensional TP bearing element in OpenSees and is now available for general use. The TP bearing element contains the option for constant friction or a generalized friction model that accounts for the effect of instantaneous velocity and compression load on the friction coefficient. Comparison between numerical simulation and experimental data of a five‐story steel moment frame building shows that the peak displacement of isolation system can generally be predicted with confidence using a constant friction coefficient model. The friction coefficient model accounting for the effect of axial load and velocity leads to minor improvement over the constant friction coefficient models in some cases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reflections on the history of research on large wood in rivers

Dynamics and functions of large wood have become integral considerations in the science and management of river systems. Study of large wood in rivers took place as monitoring of fish response to wooden structures placed in rivers in the central United States in the early 20th century, but did not begin in earnest until the 1970s. Research has increased in intensity and thematic scope ever since. A wide range of factors has prompted these research efforts, including basic understanding of stream systems, protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems, and environmental hazards in mountain environments. Research and management have adopted perspectives from ecology, geomorphology, and engineering, using observational, experimental, and modelling approaches. Important advances have been made where practical information needs converge with institutional and science leadership capacities to undertake multi-pronged research programmes. Case studies include ecosystem research to inform regulations for forest management; storage and transport of large wood as a component in global carbon dynamics; and the role of wood transport in environmental hazards in mountain regions, including areas affected by severe landscape disturbances, such as volcanic eruptions. As the field of research has advanced, influences of large wood on river structures and processes have been merged with understanding of streamflow and sediment regimes, so river form and function are now viewed as involving the tripartite system of water, sediment, and wood. A growing community of researchers and river managers is extending understanding of large wood in rivers to climatic, forest, landform, and social contexts not previously investigated. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

层次分析法在水环境系统工程中的应用

针对层次分析法中判断矩阵的一致性问题,直接从判断矩阵的定义出发,提出了基于加速遗传算法的层次分析法 (AGA-AHP),利用该法可同时确定层次各要素的相对重要性的排序权值和进行判断矩阵的一致性检验。理论分析和实例分析的初步结果说明:AGA-AHP法直观、可行且有效,计算简便、精度高。