The reflection of regular and irregular waves by a partially perforated caisson breakwater on a step bed

This study examines the reflection of regular and irregular waves from a partially perforated caisson breakwater located on a step bed. The step bed is treated as an idealized rubble mound foundation. Based on the linear potential theory, an analytical solution is developed to calculate the reflection coefficient of the structure subjected to regular waves. The matched eigenfunction expansion method is used for the solution. The regular wave method is also extended to irregular waves using a linear transfer function. The calculated results obtained for limiting cases are exactly the same as corresponding results given by the previous researchers. The present predictions also agree well with experimental data in the published literatures. Numerical experiments are conducted to examine the variations of the reflection coefficient versus its main effect factors, and some interesting results are presented.     

Analytical Methods for Prediction of Water Absorption in Cement-Based Material?

The capillary absorption of water by unsaturated cement-based material is the main reason of degradation of the structures subjected to an aggressive environment since water often acts as the transporting medium for damaging contaminants. It is well known that the capillarity coefficient and sorptivity are two important parameters to characterize the water absorption of porous materials. Generally, the former is used to describe the penetration depth or height of water transport, which must be measured by special and advanced equipment. In contrast, the sorptivity represents the relationship between cumulative volume of water uptake and the square root of the elapsed time, which can be easily measured by the gravimetric method in a normal laboratory condition. In the present study, an analytical method is developed to build up a bridge between these two parameters, with the purpose that the sorptivity or the gravimetric method can be used to predict the penetration depth of water absorption. Additionally, a new model to explain the dependence of sorptivity on initial water content of the material is developed in order to fit the in situ condition. The comparison of predicted results by the analytical method with experimental data or numerical calculation results, as well as some previous models, validates the feasibility of the methods presented in this paper.     

脱镁叶绿素对浮游植物吸收特性的影响

根据2007年6月期间对大连湾的调查数据,分析了脱镁叶绿素对浮游植物吸收特性的影响。由实测数据及相关文献推断出脱镁叶绿素蓝光和红光吸收峰分别位于412和670nm波段,并采用多元线性回归对脱镁叶绿素和叶绿素a的比吸收系数进行研究。结果表明,412nm波段脱镁叶绿素的比吸收系数远大于叶绿素a;440nm波段,叶绿素a的比吸收系数略大于脱镁叶绿素;670、675nm波段,叶绿素a的比吸收系数约为脱镁叶绿素的3倍。随脱镁叶绿素占色素总浓度比例的增大,浮游植物吸收曲线上蓝光吸收峰偏离440nm波段,逐渐向412nm波段靠近,并得到蓝光波段吸收峰的高度由脱镁叶绿素浓度决定,而红光波段吸收峰的高度由叶绿素a浓度决定。色素浓度与吸收系数进行乘幂函数拟合分析表明,412、440nm波段吸收系数与脱镁叶绿素浓度拟合相关性高于叶绿素a,而675nm波段相反。     

台湾海峡西岸地面风气候变化分析

利用1961—2005年台湾海峡西部沿岸平潭、崇武、东山及厦门等4个气象代表站的地面风观测资料,通过计算各代表站的年、季、月平均风速气候趋势系数和各风向频率趋势,较详细地分析了近45a来台湾海峡西部沿岸地面风的气候变化特征．结果表明：（1）近45a来各代表站年平均风速呈明显减小趋势,其中秋、冬、春季平均风速减小趋势明显,夏季风速减小趋势不明显．（2）海峡西部沿岸主导风向有沿海岸线由北向南顺转的特点．（3）海峡西部沿岸地面风速在上世纪80年代初存在着气候突变现象,80年代中期后年平均风速减小明显．     

热带太平洋对风应力拖曳系数响应的敏感性试验

为了检验一个准全球的海洋环流模式中热带太平洋对风应力变化的响应,使用NCEP月平均再分析资料计算的强迫场强迫该模式进行控制试验,在(10.5°S～9.5°N,159.75°E～110.25°W)的区域增大或减小风应力拖曳系数进行敏感性试验,并把试验结果与同时段的SODA资料进行分析比较.该模式基本能模拟出海洋环流的基本气候态,但是对一些细节描述还不够准确.试验结果表明,风应力减小时可以改善模式对热带东太平洋冷舌的模拟,而对次表层温度和流场的刻画能力较弱.增大风应力则对次表层温度和流场的模拟有所改善.通过对模式中热量收支的分析可知,平流过程、扩散过程对热带太平洋海表温度的变化起到了重要的作用;海表面热交换可以促使海温距平向相反的方向发展.垂直输送对赤道中东太平洋表层的降温起重要作用,抑制了次表层的增暖,水平平流过程则促进了赤道太平洋次表层的增暖.     

BaFe0.4 Sn0.6 O3 /BaBiO3负温度系数复合热敏陶瓷阻抗分析

以BaBiO₃为导电相,BaFe_0.4Sn_0.6O₃为高阻相,采用固态反应法制备了不同BaBiO₃含量的BaFe_0.4Sn_0.6O₃/BaBiO₃负温度系数(NTC)热敏复合陶瓷.为获得在渗流阈值(即BaBiO₃含量为12 mol%)前后复合陶瓷的内部导电机理,对复合陶瓷进行了阻抗分析.分     

Experimental Research on Wave Transmission over Submerged Rubble-Mound Breakwaters

This paper discusses some previous, and presents some new experimental results on wave transmission oversubmerged breakwaters. The objective of this study is to evaluate wave transmission coefficient and develop two-dimensional (2D) model as an improvement to the existing wave transmission coefficient models. Factors which affect wave transmission over submerged breakwaters are discussed through series of laboratory experiments. Basic recommendations for evaluation and design of submerged rubble-monud breakwaters are presented.From the test results, calculation formula of wave transmission coefficient is proposed.     

Shape optimization of axisymmetric cavitators in supercavitating flows, using the NSGA II algorithm

The reduction of energy consumption for high speed submersible bodies is an important challenge in hydrodynamic researches. Supercavitation is a hydrodynamic process in which a submerged body gets enveloped in a layer of gas. As the density and viscosity of the gas is much lower than that of seawater, skin friction drag can be reduced considerably. If the nose of the body (cavitator) has a proper shape, the attendant pressure drag remains at a very low value, so the overall body drag reduces significantly. Total drag force acting on the supercavitating self-propelled projectiles dictates the amount of fuel consumption and thrust requirements for the propulsion system to maintain a required cavity at the operating speed. Therefore, any reduction in the drag coefficient, by modifying the shape of the cavitator to achieve optimal shape, will lead to a decrease of this force. The main objective of this study is to optimize the axisymmetric cavitator shape in order to decrease the drag coefficient of a specified after-body length and body velocity in the axisymmetric supercavitating potential flow. To achieve this goal, a multi-objective optimization problem is defined. NSGA II, which stands for Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm, is used as the optimization method in this study. Design parameters and constraints are obtained according to the supercavitating flow characteristics and cavitator modeling. Then objective functions will be generated using the Linear Regression Method. The results of the NSGA II algorithm are compared with those generated by the weighted sum method as a classic optimization method. The predictions of the NSGA II algorithm seem to be excellent. As a result, the optimal cavitator’s shapes are similar to a cone.     

声波从海底沉积层上的反射

假设海底为一液态层复盖一孔隙弹性固体半空间,用声阻抗的概念,导出了其上的声反射系数的唯象公式。再将松散的沙（泥）质沉积物中的声阻抗的表式用于液态层,建立了反射系数与沙（泥）质沉积物的具体参数的联系。文末对高声频情况下的海底上的声反射系数进行了简化。并对几个特例作了数值计算。     

Scaled Boundary Finite Element Analysis of Wave Passing A Submerged Breakwater

The scaled boundary finite element method （SBFEM） is a novel semi-analytical technique combining the advantage of the finite element method （FEM） and the boundary element method （BEM） with its unique properties. In this paper, the SBFEM is used for computing wave passing submerged breakwaters, and the reflection coeffcient and transmission coefficient are given for the case of wave passing by a rectangular submerged breakwater, a rigid submerged barrier breakwater and a trapezium submerged breakwater in a constant water depth. The results are compared with the analytical solution and experimental results. Good agreement is obtained. Through comparison with the results using the dual boundary element method （DBEM）, it is found that the SBFEM can obtain higher accuracy with fewer elements. Many submerged breakwaters with different dimensions are computed by the SBFEM, and the changing character of the reflection coeffcient and the transmission coefficient are given in the current study.