大洋富钴结壳研究现状与进展

在研究富钴结壳的地质构造背景时,发现富钴结壳的形成与板内地幔柱活动胡关,并与基岩类型和基岩的风化程度有关。由于现代分析测试技术的进步,对富钴结壳的结构造,矿物组成和地球化学特征的研究正在逐渐深入,特别是各种微区观察测试技术和同位素年代学方法的应用,使富钴结壳的高分辨率部面研究取得长足的发展。以此为基础,生长速率缓慢,在无沉积物时期生长的富钴结壳近年来被尝试用于古海洋学和全球变化的研究,它不但能反映千万年级的环境变化,而且能弥补深海沉积物所不能反映的沉积间断的历史,因此正成为该领域研究中的一个热点。在富钴结壳的成矿物质来源方面,逐渐认识到包括火山,热液和低温水岩反应等在内的内源物质供应的重要性。在结壳的成因机制研究方面发现微生物在结壳的形成过程中起到了主要作用。     

变色金刚石的谱学研究

对具有变色效应的两颗变色龙金刚石与一颗鲜黄色合成金刚石进行了扫描电镜-能谱、X射线荧光光谱、显微红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、光致发光谱、电子顺磁共振谱等测试研究,以探讨引起金刚石变色的原因。结果表明：变色的主要原因是浅色心的产生与湮灭;样品晶格中存在镍、钴离子;杂质离子的存在有利于形成各种浅色心。     

Processes controlling cobalt distribution in two temperate estuaries,Sagami Bay and Wakasa Bay,Japan

Concentrations of cobalt (Co) in surface waters from the Sagami River to northern Sagami Bay and from the Yura River to southwestern Wakasa Bay in Japan were determined in order to investigate the factors governing the distribution of this metal during estuarine mixing. Dissolved (<0.2 μm) and particulate (>0.2 μm) Co showed non-conservative mixing behavior with low or mid-salinity maxima within those two estuarine regions, indicating benthic remobilization and/or sewage input apart from riverine input during the estuarine mixing. These results are supported by a suite of complementary measurements of other parameters, such as manganese, phosphate, and suspended particulate matter concentrations. In addition, the concentration ratio of dissolved Co to total Co (dissolved plus particulate) increased along the salinity gradient, implying the potential for desorption of this metal from suspended particulate matter on estuarine mixing.     

驼路沟喷气沉积型钴（金）矿床成矿地质背景及矿床成因的地球化学限制

驼路沟矿床是东昆仑南部造山带中新发现的钴(金)矿床,它的含矿岩系是一套浅变质的(绿片岩相)震旦-寒武纪火山-沉积岩系.火山岩是一套中-酸性凝灰岩及熔岩,其元素地球化学特征类似于活动大陆边缘或弧火山岩;沉积岩包括碎屑岩和黑色页岩,它们具有活动大陆边缘沉积岩的元素地球化学极性,部分沉积岩具有现代大陆弧地区沉积岩的元素地球化学特征.岩相学、矿物学及元素地球化学研究证明,作为主岩之一的石英钠长岩是典型的喷气沉积岩,而并非"脉岩",它不但是钴(金)矿体的重要找矿标志,而且也是喷气沉积矿床的重要鉴别标志.钴(金)矿石组构及矿石矿物的世代显示其主要与海底喷气沉积成矿作用有关,在后期的碰撞造山过程中,受到了改造和活化.矿石和喷气沉积岩的痕量元素地球化学特征表明,它们同属喷气-成矿流体较远离喷气中心的海底沉积物.总之,岩(矿)相学及元素地球化学资料证明,驼路沟钴(金)矿床主要属喷气沉积矿床,形成于震旦-寒武纪东昆仑南缘的活动大陆边缘环境.     

Distributions of dissolved vitamin B12 and Co in coastal and open-ocean environments

Distributions of dissolved vitamin B₁₂ and total dissolved Co were measured to gain an understanding of the cycling of these interdependent micronutrients in six marine settings including; an upwelling location, a semi-enclosed bay, two urban coastal systems, and two open ocean locations. Along the coast of Baja California, Mexico, concentrations of B₁₂ and dissolved Co varied from 0.2 to 11 pM and 180 to 990 pM, respectively. At a nearby upwelling station, vitamin B₁₂ and Co concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 7.0 pM and 22 to 145 pM, and concentrations did not correlate with upwelling intensity. Concentrations of B₁₂ were highest within Todos Santos Bay, a semi-enclosed bay off the coast of Baja California, Mexico, during a dinoflagellate bloom, ranging from 2 to 61 pM, while Co concentrations varied between 61 and 194 pM. In the anthropogenically impacted Long Island Sound, NY, U.S.A., B₁₂ levels were between 0.1 and 23 pM and Co concentrations varied from 60 to 1900 pM. However, anthropogenic inputs were not evident in B₁₂ levels in the San Pedro Basin, located outside Los Angeles, Ca, U.S.A., where concentrations of B₁₂ were 0.2–1.8 pM, approximating observed open ocean B₁₂ concentrations. In the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean, B₁₂ levels were 0.4–4 pM and 0.2–2 pM, respectively. Total Co concentrations in the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic tended to be low; measuring 26–59 pM and 15–80 pM, respectively. These low Co concentrations may limit B₁₂ synthesis and its availability to B₁₂-requiring phytoplankton because the total dissolved Co pool is not necessarily entirely bioavailable.     

华南—西秦岭地球化学走廊带水系沉积物钴含量影响因素评价

地球化学填图可为解决钴的资源和环境问题提供重要基础数据。深入理解沉积物中钴含量影响因素是科学利用钴地球化学填图数据的前提。本文基于华南—西秦岭地球化学走廊带钴等元素(指标)空间分布,利用相关性系数R、线性回归方程和地理加权回归方法系统评价不同因素对沉积物钴含量的影响。中—基性岩区和碎屑岩区源岩对沉积物钴含量具有主导作用。在碳酸盐岩区和酸性岩区,源岩-沉积物的局部拟合度和回归系数均降低,说明源岩对沉积物钴含量的相关性和贡献度减弱,富集系数提高和负的回归系数表明次生富集作用的影响占据主导。在碳酸盐岩和酸性岩区,铁锰氧化物和有机质对沉积物钴的次生富集影响显著,尤其在碱性条件下和强氧化条件下,氧化锰和有机质与钴的次生富集相关性达到R_Mn=0.54～0.63和R_org=0.75。引入地理加权回归方法研究不同地质背景区源岩对沉积物钴含量影响,进一步深化了水系沉积物钴含量影响因素的认识,为资源勘查和环境评价提供理论参考和基础支撑。     

China’s First Independent Cobalt Deposit and its Metallogenic Mechanism: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Isotopic Geochemistry

The Tuolugou cobalt deposit is the first independent large-scale Co- and Au-bearing deposit discovered in northwestern China. It is located in the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt in Qinghai Province, and occurs conformably in low-grade metamorphic volcano-sedimentary rock series with well-developed Na-rich hydrothermal sedimentary rocks and typical hydrothermal sedimentary ore fabrics. Fluid inclusions and isotopic geochemistry studies suggest that cobalt mineralizing fluid is dominated by NaCl-H2O system, accompanied by NaCl-CO2-H2O-N2 system responsible for gold mineralization. Massive, banded and disseminated pyrite ores have similar compositions of He and Ar isotopes from the mineralizing fluid, with 3He/4He range between 0.10 to 0.31Ra (averaging 0.21Ra), and 40Ar/36Ar between 302 and 569 (averaging 373), which reflects that Co mineralizing fluids derived dominantly from meteoric water deeply circulating. δ34S values of pyrite approaches to zero (δ34S ranging from ?4.5‰ to +1.5‰, centering around ?1.8‰ to ?0.2‰), reflecting its deep source. Ore lead is characterized by distinctly high radiogenesis, with 206Pb/204Pb>19.279, 207Pb/204Pb>15.691 and 208Pb/204Pb>39.627, and its values show an increase trend from country rocks, regional Paleozoic volcanic rocks to ores. This may have suggested that high radiogentic ore Pb derived mainly from country rocks by leaching meteoric water-dominated hydrothermal fluid during its circulation at depth. Cobalt occurs mainly in sulfide phase (such as pyrite), but cobalt enrichment, and presence and increasing contents of Co-bearing minerals have a positive correlation with metamorphic degree. The Tuolugou deposit and other typical strata-bound Co-Cu-Au deposits have striking similarities in the geological features and metallogenic pattern of primary cobalt. All of them are syngenetic hydrothermal exhalative sedimentation in origin.     

DTPA浸提-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定石灰性土壤中的有效态钴和有效态铅

传统的原子吸收光谱和分光光度法测定土壤有效态钴和有效态铅,操作繁琐,且分析效率低,不适用于大量样品的测定;利用先进仪器测定虽然提高了分析效率,但由于浸提剂的浓度影响仪器灵敏度,测定结果不准确.本文用DTPA溶液浸提,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定石灰性土壤中有效态钴和有效态铅的含量.稀释倍数实验表明,浸提液稀释2倍时,石灰性土壤国家标准物质的测定值与标准值基本一致;稀释5倍或10倍时,测定值较标准值偏高;不稀释时,由于浸提液的浓度较高,受到基体干扰,测定值偏低.本方法确定对浸提液稀释2倍进行实验,有效态钴的检出限为0.0130 μg/g,有效态铅的检出限为0.0142 μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=9)小于8％.用土壤国家标准物质进行验证,测定值与标准值的相对误差小于9％(n=9),满足了DD 2005 - 03对土壤样品中有效态钴和有效态铅的测定要求.     

新疆哈密磁海铁矿床中钴的地球化学及地质意义

新疆磁海铁矿是一个富硫、富钴的磁铁矿矿床。矿床中的钴,主要产于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等硫化物中,并有钴的独立矿物辉砷钴矿和斜方砷钴矿。磁铁矿矿石中含钴较高,个别富硫化物磁铁矿矿石中钴可达0.16%,达到综合利用价值。对磁海铁矿床中钴的产出特征、化学成分、赋存状态研究,结合铁和钴的元素地球化学性质,认为该矿床的成矿物质来源较深;铁和钴在岩浆-热液成矿过程中属于不同阶段的产物,钴趋于在热液晚期阶段富集。     

东天山维权银铜矿床中钴矿化发现及成因意义

新疆东天山地区是中国重要的钴成矿带之一,在多个与基性-超基性岩有关的铜镍硫化物矿床和磁海铁矿床中伴生有中小型钴矿资源。最近,笔者在研究东天山维权矽卡岩型银铜矿床物质组分的过程中,通过显微镜观察、电子探针扫描和成分分析发现了独立钴矿物辉砷钴矿,不仅代表了东天山含钴矿床的新类型,而且具有综合利用的前景。文章对维权矿床中铜银钴矿石类型、矿石中辉砷钴矿和其他主要金属矿物的赋存状态进行了研究,划分出铜矿石、铁铜矿石、含银铜钴矿石、银矿石、含钴铁铜矿石和铅银铜矿石6种矿石类型,认为它们可能是铁铜、钴、银3期成矿作用叠加的产物,钴成矿作用为独立的一期中高温热液成矿作用,含钴铁铜矿石是钴成矿作用叠加在铁铜成矿作用之上形成,而含银钴铜矿石是银成矿作用叠加在钴成矿作用之上形成。