APPROACH TO KARST SOLUTION PROCESS RESPONSES ON CLIMATE

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The impact of tourism on coastal areas

The manifold influences of tourism on coastal areas are analysed from three different angles: (1) The development of seaside tourism including the changes of socio-economic and settlement patterns; (2) its cultural impact on the local population; (3) its environmental aspects. Point 1 is described with the help of a model showing four peripheries in space and time: (I) the North Sea and Baltic coasts since the 18th century; (II) Southern Europe during the 19th century; (III) the North African shores around 1950; (IV) the tropical oceans after 1965. Within every periphery, several phases (pioneer, domestic, international) can be distinguished according to the origin of tourists, the investment, the know-how etc. While the beginning of every phase is dominated from abroad, later-on national actors play an increasing role. This applies also to point 2, which refers mainly to developing countries. As for point 3, mass tourism may result detrimentally on water supply, sensitive coastal landscapes, socio-cultural identity etc. Among the questions to be raised are: How far are industrial societies responsible for any negative impacts of tourism, and what are the chances for, and a general consciousness on, a sustainable tourism development?     

Causes of Land Subsidence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The occurrence of land subsidence in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia is either natural or man-made. Natural land subsidence occurs due to the development of subterranean voids by a solution of host rocks in carbonate and evaporite terrains, over many areas of Saudi Arabia. Man-induced land subsidence is either due to the removal of groundwater in the agricultural areas or to wetting of unstable soils. Therefore, earth fissures and a lowering of the ground surface in unconsolidated sediments took place in alluvial plains and volcanic vent terrains. Unstable soils include Sabkha soils and loess sediments. These types of soils occur in coastal plains, desert areas and volcanic terrains. When this soil is wetted either during agricultural activities, waste disposal or even during a rain storm, subsidence takes place due to either the removal of salts from the Sabkha soil or the rearrangement of soil particles in loess sediments.     

电法在探测岩溶上的应用

通过对电法中几种常用方法的分析，说明其在岩溶探测中有效，并提出了七种确定岩溶的方法。     

高坪-吉心段公路喀斯特工程地质综合勘察

以沪蓉国道主干线湖北省高坪-吉心段的喀斯特地质勘察工作为例，探讨喀斯特地区公路工程地质综合勘察的基本方法。在喀斯特地区运用遥感和地理信息技术技术、地质测绘、综合物探以及地质钻探等勘察手段，通过综合分析各种勘探成果，能够较准确地查明可溶岩的分布、喀斯特形态类型、分布规律、控制因素以及喀斯特水的赋存、分布和运移规律等，并根据不同的喀斯特地貌提出了有针对性的处理对策。通过不断的实践和经验总结。针对喀斯特工程地质问题合理运用综合工程勘察方法，能做出科学的分析评价，可以适应喀斯特区公路建设的需要，并且供今后在喀斯特地区修建公路时参考和借鉴。     

Estimation of regional material yield from coastal landslides based on historical digital terrain modelling

High‐resolution historical (1942) and recent (1994) digital terrain models were derived from aerial photographs along the Big Sur coastline in central California to measure the long‐term volume of material that enters the nearshore environment. During the 52‐year measurement time period, an average of 21 000 ± 3100 m³ km^?1 a^?1 of material was eroded from nine study sections distributed along the coast, with a low yield of 1000 ± 240 m³ km^?1 a^?1 and a high of 46 700 ± 7300 m³ km^?1 a^?1. The results compare well with known volumes from several deep‐seated landslides in the area and suggest that the processes by which material is delivered to the coast are episodic in nature. In addition, a number of parameters are investigated to determine what influences the substantial variation in yield along the coast. It is found that the magnitude of regional coastal landslide sediment yield is primarily related to the physical strength of the slope‐forming material. Coastal Highway 1 runs along the lower portion of the slope along this stretch of coastline, and winter storms frequently damage the highway. The California Department of Transportation is responsible for maintaining this scenic highway while minimizing the impacts to the coastal ecosystems that are part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. This study provides environmental managers with critical background data on the volumes of material that historically enter the nearshore from landslides, as well as demonstrating the application of deriving historical digital terrain data to model landscape evolution. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国南方古生界碳酸盐岩发育对页岩气成藏和开发控制问题

中国南方古生界有利暗色页岩发育,但现页岩气勘探取得突破较少,主要原因是南方地质条件复杂,尤其是南方暗色页岩与碳酸盐岩间互发育,页岩气勘探开发面临复杂的碳酸盐岩地质问题。文章从国外勘探经验及近年来南方地区页岩气勘探实践中总结并详细分析了碳酸盐岩发育对页岩气成藏和开发控制的5大问题:（1）地表或近地表岩溶地质问题对开采的影响;（2）页岩目的层顶底板及其内部碳酸盐岩层对成藏和开采的影响;（3）页岩中碳酸盐类矿物含量对开采压裂的影响;（4）页岩层中天然裂缝被方解石充填对成藏的影响问题;（5）常规碳酸盐岩储层与非常规页岩共同成藏问题。建议在南方古生界开展页岩气勘探开发中,把碳酸盐岩本身储集成藏和碳酸盐岩对页岩气成藏、开采、钻井施工等的影响综合考虑,以总含油气系统的思路,综合选井,以促进南方古生界页岩气的勘探开发。      

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶洞穴发育特征及其与油气的关系

溶蚀孔、洞是塔河油田奥陶系油气的主要储集场所。为深入了解奥陶系的油气分布,研究了该区奥陶系岩溶洞穴的发育特征,介绍岩溶洞穴在钻井录井、岩心、测井、地震等资料上的识别标志,并识别了本区14口井的岩溶洞穴;恢复了本区海西早期的岩溶古地貌。研究发现：岩溶斜坡靠近岩溶高地和岩溶谷地一侧是岩溶洞穴发育且保存最好的所在地,岩溶洞穴主要分布在“双峰灰岩”顶面下40~80 m、110~130 m、150~190 m、230~260 m的深度范围内,多数井在岩溶洞穴发育段表现出了极好的油气生产能力。     

石灰岩含水介质中苯系物（BTEX） 生物可降解性判识

    岩溶含水系统遭受石油烃污染的环境问题十分普遍。相对于多孔含水介质,石油烃BTEX在石灰岩含水介质中的生 物可降解性还不确定。为此,本研究开展了BTEX在石灰石和岩溶地下水介质中的静态微元体实验。经过77天的实验检测 分析,结果表明：（1） BTEX化合物在可利用电子受体溶解氧或硝酸盐存在条件下具有生物可降解性;（2） 向系统中补充 电子受体硝酸盐,具有促进生物降解的作用,其对BTEX的去除率可高达94%;（3） 未发现补充硫酸盐能够促进BTEX生物 可降解性;（4） 甲苯和二甲苯容易被生物降解,但苯的去除具有一定的难度。