海潮引起滨海含水层地下水位变化的初步研究

依据短序列和长序列的潮汐效应观测数据,分析了北海地区海潮引起滨海含水层地下水位变化的动态特征.结果表明,受海潮影响的滨海含水层地下水位与海潮有相似的波动特征,但变幅减小,受海潮的影响程度与观测点离海岸的距离有关,随着离海岸距离的增加地下水位的变幅和潮汐系数大致呈负指数减小.在南、北海岸距离海岸分别达3756m和2276m以远时地下水位不受海潮变化的影响.长序列的观测资料显示,海潮和岸边地下水位有15天的长周期和1天的短周期的波动.     

盐度对滨海湿地盐地碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应分析

为探讨盐度对碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应,以滨海湿地盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)为研究对象,采用自然光照盆栽试验方法研究8种盐度(0(对照,CK)、5、10、15、20、25、30和35)对碱蓬幼苗的生理指标(株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖和蛋白质质量比)和反射光谱的响应。研究结果表明:盐度对碱蓬植株生理指标存在显著响应,低中盐度(0～25)对植株生长有促进作用,而高盐度(30～35)对植株生长起到抑制作用;25盐度下,碱蓬株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖质量比均高于其他盐度和对照组;不同盐度处理下的碱蓬植株蛋白质质量比均高于对照组;盐度对碱蓬反射光谱存在明显响应,碱蓬在绿光和近红外波段的反射率随着盐度的增加而逐渐减小;通过相关分析判断出碱蓬株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖和蛋白质质量比的诊断波段,分别是547、555、548、556、546和2 300 nm。碱蓬高光谱特征指数MTCI、MNDVI1、DCNI、TCARI/OSAVI和R546在不同盐度下存在明显差异,可作为盐分胁迫的高光谱响应诊断指标。分析盐度对碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应,可为深入研究碱蓬对退化滨海湿地生态修复具有重要参考意义。     

Applicability of sediment transport models to evaluate medium term evolution of tidal inlet systems

This paper derives local formulae to estimate bed roughness and suspended transport and present a method to calculate net sediment transport at tidal inlet systems, combining field data and a range of well established empirical formulations. To accomplish this, measurements spanning a spring-tidal cycle of mean water levels, waves, near-bed flow turbulence and bed forms were obtained from the Ancão Inlet, Ria Formosa lagoon system, Portugal. High-resolution hydrodynamic data were gathered using acoustic equipments and by measuring sediment properties (grain-size diameter and bed form dimensions) under fair-weather conditions. The results compared favourably with available direct and indirect field observations of sediment transport rates. The approach appears to be robust and widely applicable and so can be applied to the same conditions in any tidal inlet system. This is of particular importance when attempting to understand sediment transport at inlet mouths, and has practical applications in a range of coastal engineering and coastal management areas concerned with navigation safety, coastal erosion, ecosystem health and water quality. The study discusses the applicability of the method on evaluating system flushing capacity, giving important insights on multiple inlet evolution, particularly with regard to their persistence through time. The methodological framework can be applied to assess the long-term stability of single- and multiple-inlet systems, provided that estimates of sediment storage at ebb-tidal deltas are available and sediment transport estimates during storm events are statistically considered.     

浙东沿海富碱花岗岩地球化学特征及其构造环境探讨

在浙东沿海地区存在一条北北东向线型展布的、规模可观的富碱侵入岩带,岩带由碱长花岗岩和碱性花岗岩组成。其岩石地球化学特点是高硅(SiO2>76%)、富碱(N_2O K_2O>8.2%)、低铝(Al_2O_3<12.5%)、贫钙镁(CaO<0.4%、MgO<0.2%)、富集Rb、Th(U)、Nb(Ta)、Zr、Zn和Ga等元素;稀土元素模式曲线具缓右倾“V”字形,铕亏损强烈。上述地球化学特征与福建魁歧碱性花岗岩基本一致并类似澳大利亚东南Lachlan褶皱带A型花岗岩。研究表明,该富碱花岗岩带是燕山晚期岩浆演化后期产物,受区域深断裂控制,即可能是处于活动大陆边缘的深断裂在拉张条件下由深源富碱岩浆上侵而成。     

亚太海岸工程研究进展——第三届亚太海岸会议论文简介

简要介绍2005年9月在韩国举行的第三届亚太海岸会议(APAC2005)论文概貌。分析会议论文内容和特点,从而透视亚太海岸工程研究进展。会议论文特点可概括为:波浪理论研究与工程应用密切结合,海岸灾害和环境研究,海洋动力因素观测与预报关注恶劣海况、海况变化和预报精度,泥沙运动与河口海岸演变注重机理研究,海岸动力特性数值模拟新发展,波浪-结构-地基相互作用关注随机性和地基土特性研究,工程案例与其他。初步讨论了我国这一领域发展水平及主要差距。     

Development of an automated method for continuous detection and quantification of cliff erosion events

Three intrusive systems of detection and quantification of coastal erosion events (using thermocouples and thermal pins) were developed and tested from 2005 to 2008 in different regions of the Gulf and maritime estuary of the St Lawrence (Quebec, Canada). The 3‐m‐long thermal pins inserted inside unconsolidated deposits allow the monitoring of erosion for a time period sometimes extending over several seasons. The thermocouple or thermocable method allows not only the instrumentation of unconsolidated deposits but also of rocky and cohesive substrate to a depth of 85 cm. An autonomous microclimatic station located near the experimental sites simultaneously samples temperature parameters, precipitation, snow cover, wind speed and direction as well as global radiation. The differential analysis of cliff thermal regime performed simultaneously with an analysis of air temperature makes it possible to determine the activation periods of coastal erosion processes. The results also make it possible to establish with precision the actual influence of rapid variations of certain climatic and microclimatic parameters (radiation, presence of snow cover, precipitation, etc.) on the physical state of surfaces and also on the activation of certain physical processes connected to coastal erosion events. The automated thermal erosion pin system (ATEPS) allows high temporal resolution (i.e. continuous) monitoring, enabling a real coupling of coastal erosion rates and climatic parameters. Preliminary results with the ATEPS system indicate that mild winter temperature and direct solar radiation are significant factors controlling cliff retreat rates. Moreover, the melting of segregation ice during the spring thaw contributed for more than 70% of cliff retreat against only 30% for frost shattering. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山东沿海地区地震海啸研究

地震海啸是一种极其严重的地震次生灾害。山东是世界上最早记录地震海啸的地区。收集整理了山东沿海地区记载的7次地震海啸史料,对每次地震海啸进行了信度评级,认为仅有一次可能是海啸。根据山东沿海地区历史地震海啸、地震类型、沿海地理环境、现代地震海啸记录资料等分析,表明山东沿海未来遭受破坏性地震海啸的可能性较小。     

中国中心城市公路客运联系及其空间格局

依托中国地级中心城市间的公路长途客运联系数据,运用GIS空间网络分析方法,对中国公路客运联系网络结构及其分布格局进行清晰的空间解构。研究显示：公路客运联系强弱与城市人口规模和经济总量相关性较强,而与经济发展水平不相关性;中国人口经济密集分布的东中部地区中心城市间的公路客运联系密切,呈现区域性集聚的分布格局;最为密集的区域为长三角、珠三角两地,而京津冀、山东省、河南省和成渝地区的集聚程度也相对突出。总体上,中国公路客运联系以各省份的省会及区域中心城市为联系中心,以区内其他城市为联系对象,在中短途客运距离内形成自成一体的区域性空间集聚。研究表明：中国公路长途客运联系的适宜空间距离应在500 km以内,最佳客运距离为100~300 km左右;中国公路长途客运联系在200 km内是随着距离增大而增加,之后则呈现二次曲线型的距离衰减趋势;细分各距离区段内的公路客运联系可以清晰识别城市群内、省域内、省际间及大区域间等不同空间尺度下区域交通联系的结构特征。     

STUDY ON VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SST OBSERVED IN THE PAST 40 YEARS IN THE COASTAL REGION OF SOUTH CHINA

To study the variation characteristics of SST in coastal south China, observed SST was analyzed for the past 44 years. The results show that the monthly and yearly averaged SST have rising trends, the yearly averaged SST's linearity rising rate is 0.12-0.19 ℃/decade in the years, the rising extents in winter are higher than those in summer. The variability in winter is larger than that in summer, with the largest in February and March. A majority of significant cold or warm events occurred in winter. A wavelet multiresolution method was used to analyze periodical characteristics of SST in coastal south China, all timescale decomposition series are very similar, and high-frequency decompositions within the year are dominant. Low-frequency decompositions show rising trends since the mid-1970.     

唐山滨海湿地分布特征及其形成的控制因素

唐山滨海湿地资源丰富,类型多样,天然湿地和人工湿地交错分布。湿地的空间形态基本按照等高线与海岸线呈近似平行的带状分布,其形成受控于研究区活跃的新构造运动所造成的地面快速沉降以及地表水系的分布与改变,也明显受到降水量、蒸发量及其季节和年际变化等气候条件的制约,还受到沉积环境、地层结构、地下水赋存条件等自然因素的影响。然而,伴随近年来研究区大规模的工农业建设和城市化进程,人为因素上升为滨海湿地机能退化的主控因素。城市化、工农业现代化和港口建设等人类活动以及由此引发的环境污染,造成湿地面积萎缩和生态机能的减退,已经明显超过了自然因素对滨海湿地演化的影响。唐山滨海湿地的形成和发育是对研究区构造运动—气候演化—环境变迁之间耦合关系的响应记录,更是现代工农业生产活动的结果。