密实散粒体剪切破坏能量演化的离散元模拟

砂土等散粒体在剪切过程中的能量存储及耗散是其宏观力学响应的深层原因,但因量测难度较大而研究较少。将考虑抗转动的接触模型引入离散元软件PFC2D,基于热力学第一定律建立各种能量量测方法,并在平面应变双轴压缩试验中采用该方法统计密实散粒体在剪切过程中的能量演化规律。采取了4种耗散类型,即滑动-滚动（S-R）、滑动-非滚动（S-NR）、非滑动-滚动（NS-R）和非滑动-非滚动（NS-NR）。结果表明：密实散粒体加载时能量耗散以滑动摩擦为主;且小应变加载阶段,外力功主要转化为弹性应变能,但同时也存在均布于试样的耗散能;随着应变的增加,外力功的转化形式逐渐过渡为以耗散能为主,且集中分布在带状区域内;各个加载阶段的摩擦耗散均存在各向异性。     

Comprehensive tests on rising height of capillary water for coarse grained soil

According to the comprehensive tests on the rising height of capillary water for seven kinds of different coarse grained soil by use of the method of standpipe,the relationship between the rising height of capillary water and time was obtained,and the influencing factors and rules were analyzed.The data of the steady rising height of capillary water were obtained,and the regression equation of coarse grained soil on steady height and physical indexes(effective grain d 10 and porosity n) was found.Compared with Hazen’s and other expressions that could estimate the steady height of capillary water of coarse grained soil,the proposed method is satisfactory and the defects of the latter were pointed out.     

出渗对均匀大粒径泥沙附近水动力特性影响

为探讨出渗对均匀大粒径泥沙颗粒周围水流特性的影响,基于粒子图像测速技术（PIV）对出渗影响下的均匀大粒径泥沙颗粒群周围水流结构进行测量,并对不同出渗强度下颗粒群周围立面二维流场结构进行了分析。试验结果表明:出渗能够减小颗粒群周围原水流运动方向的流速,而增大垂直向上的流速,且两者均随着出渗强度的增强而对流速的影响愈加明显;根据实测数据,拟合出考虑出渗影响下的均匀大粒径泥沙周围纵向流速分布公式,相关性较好;出渗能增强颗粒群附近的紊动强度,加剧周围水体的能量耗散;随着出渗强度的增强,颗粒群周围的涡量值随之减小。     

不同粒度颗粒在非恒定管流中跟随性试验

管道中固液两相流水击对管道和输送系统可能产生严重的破坏,而固液两相在这种非恒定流中的运动特性是计算最大水击压力变化的重要依据。采用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）,通过试验研究水击发生时,水平圆管中不同平均流速、颗粒粒径条件下,流体介质和粗颗粒在管道断面的速度分布以及粗颗粒跟随性的变化规律。研究结果表明:①在水击发生的不同时刻,圆管流中粗颗粒的流速在管道断面分布呈不规则的抛物线型分布,主要表现为靠近管道壁面底部的颗粒流速略小于靠近管道顶部流速,当颗粒粒径大于1.5 mm,平均流速小于2.5 m/s时,粗颗粒表现出明显的沉降特性;②粗颗粒的跟随性与颗粒受力有密切关系,其中颗粒速度与流体速度的变化量是影响颗粒受力的重要参数;③基于试验数据拟合得到了水击条件下粗颗粒跟随性系数k的经验公式,并分析了颗粒粒径、管道直径、两相流平均流速以及水击发生时间等不同参数对粗颗粒跟随性系数的影响,公式计算值与实测值之间的误差在5%以内。     

Concentration profiles for fine and coarse sediments suspended by waves over ripples: An analytical study with the 1-DV gradient diffusion model

Field and laboratory measurements of suspended sediments over wave ripples show, for time-averaged concentration profiles in semi-log plots, a contrast between upward convex profiles for fine sand and upward concave profiles for coarse sand. Careful examination of experimental data for coarse sand shows a near-bed upward convex profile beneath the main upward concave profile. Available models fail to predict these two profiles for coarse sediments. The 1-DV gradient diffusion model predicts the main upward concave profile for coarse sediments thanks to a suitable β(y)$\beta (y)$-function (where β$\beta$ is the inverse of the turbulent Schmidt number and y   is the distance from the bed). In order to predict the near-bed upward convex profile, an additional parameter α$\alpha$ is needed. This parameter could be related to settling velocity (α$\alpha$ equal to inverse of dimensionless settling velocity) or to convective sediment entrainment process. The profiles are interpreted by a relation between second derivative of the logarithm of concentration and derivative of the product between sediment diffusivity and α$\alpha$.     

粗颗粒间液桥毛细力演化规律的动态计算方法

水力特性是非饱和土力学理论与工程的重要课题之一,土样水力特性的变化过程本质上可反映为土颗粒间毛细力的演化规律。为此,以粗颗粒为研究对象,将其简化为一对不等径球体颗粒,而其间的水分形态可视为形如圆环的液桥,不考虑颗粒重力和浮力的影响。以Young-Laplace方程为基础,先推得计算液桥毛细力的控制方程组,再结合液桥的无量纲体积最大、最小值及其外曲率半径的割线迭代算法提出求解毛细力的动态计算方法,进而研究毛细力与颗粒间距、颗粒半径比和液桥体积的无量纲关系,结果表明：当颗粒间距一定时,液桥的毛细力随其体积和颗粒半径比增大均呈递增趋势;当液桥体积一定时,其抗拉刚度随颗粒间距增大呈递减趋势。最后,利用已有文献中液桥毛细力与颗粒间距的实测关系,验证了该动态计算方法在表征液桥从形成至断裂时毛细力演化规律的有效性。     

侧限压缩下砂土的细观力学特性及其形态分析

本文基于室内固结试验,自行设计加工了土体受到轴向压力和侧限条件时,对土的细观结构进行观测的细观结构观测固结仪.通过对中砂半模固结仪试验的宏观变形场分析选择了细观特征观测点,发现中砂的位移场类似于抛物线形,位移量最大区总是发生在上透水石的底面中心处;利用MiFas图像软件对中砂压缩过程中的显微图像进行处理,分析了中砂试样...     

基于两种颗粒体模型的巷道围岩应力应变分析

本文将岩石视为颗粒体材料,采用两种模型对巷道围岩的应力、应变及破坏区的分布规律进行了数值模拟。第一种模型是连续介质模型,其中考虑了颗粒、界面及基体。第二种模型是将第一种模型中的基体去掉。研究结果表明:当基体强度参数降低较少时,巷道围岩中的环向和径向应力在传统结果附近波动;当基体强度参数降低较多时,两种应力的波动幅度提高,而且,基体位置的应力向其周围的颗粒或界面转移。第二种模型结果的波动幅度更大。随着基体强度参数的降低,巷道围岩中的应变集中区向深部转移,形成相互交织的滑移线网,滑移线网的位置主要位于基体和界面中,这与第二种模型的结果有明显的差异(多个环向的应变集中区)。     

A critical review on granular dam filter behaviour – from particle sizes to constriction-based design criteria

Over emphasis on tests results involving base soils with increasing coefficient of uniformity (C_u ) makes the reliability of an empirical particle-based criterion for effective filters questionable. Extra measures such as regrading of base soil are then necessary in order to capture the effectiveness of filter constriction sizes in trapping eroding fines. Recent studies which focused on the role of the sizes of filter voids on overall filtration behaviour have deployed constriction size approaches that were shown to be equally acceptable methods for distinguishing between effective and ineffective filters. This paper examines the evolution of this approach, starting from past empirical and mathematical investigations and proceeding to the eventual development of geometric-probabilistic methods with special reference to embankment dams. Models based on dominant and controlling constriction sizes are introduced, and subsequently the constriction-based retention criteria for granular filters are presented. The proposed retention criteria were verified based on extensive experimental data taken from small- and large-scale filtration tests carried out by various authors. The integration of filter compaction, porosity and C_u , together with the incorporation of analytical principles, provides alternative and rigorous design approaches that remove most limitations of the conventional particle-based criteria, thus making the models essentially more comprehensive and quantifiable.     

超高排土场的粒径分级及其边坡稳定性分析研究

明显的粒径分级是超高排土场区别于土质边坡的最重要特征。针对西源岭413台阶排土场,结合开发的HHC-CA模型和现场散体粒径分布情况的调查,建立了考虑超高排土场粒径分级特征的边坡模型。在此模型的基础上,借助FLAC3D软件分析了现状边坡和各种堆排模式下的边坡稳定性。结果表明:西源岭413台阶排土场现状边坡上部位移矢量表现为下沉,其下沉方向与坡面保持同向,中部位移矢量表现为剪切,下部位移矢量略有反抬升的趋势。其边坡破坏模式为顶部平台拉裂,中部以圆弧形剪出;此排土场的现状边坡处于暂时性稳定阶段。而采用全覆盖式多台阶排土的边坡上部位移矢量表现为下沉,在排土场底部过渡到水平方向;破坏模式为顶部平台拉裂,下部以圆弧形剪出。仅考虑堆积散体的材料强度对排土场稳定性影响时,超高排土场的粒径分级有利于排土场边坡的稳定。