Batch and Continuous Design of a Full‐Scale Treatment Facility for Removing Dissolved Natural Organic Matter

Batch and continuous flow adsorption experiments are carried out and the design of a full‐scale facility for removing dissolved natural organic matter (DNOM) from Catalan Lakewater is demonstrated. The adsorption efficiency is proportional to the temperature and the amount of adsorbent unlike pH increase. The highest DNOM removal rate is obtained at 35 °C, pH 4, and an adsorbent amount of 0.8 g L^?1. Optimum contact time for batch studies is 60 min at equilibrium. Correlation constants (r) of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are 0.8905 and 0.9739, respectively. Based on the Freundlich isotherm, the highest adsorption capacity (q_max) obtained is 2.44 and 6.01 mg DNOM/g granulated activated carbon (GAC) for raw and enriched water, respectively. Consequently, the effects of adsorbent amount, bed depth, empty bed contact time, and organic loading on removal performance are investigated in the rapid small‐scale column test (RSSCT) columns. The targeted effluent concentration of 1 mg DNOM/L can easily be achieved in the columns. At the design capacity of the facility, 15 adsorption columns with dimensions of 7 m height, 4.33 m diameter, and 22 days of operation cycle are required to remove DNOM from raw water.     

含粗粒的细粒土的压实特性研究

以2种不同的细粒土及18种不同级配的含粗粒的细粒土为研究对象,进行了大量的室内击实试验,来寻求含粗粒的细粒土的最佳击实功,从而确定当路基填料为含粗粒的细粒土时,其室内最大干密度的试验方法。在此基础上,提出含粗粒的细粒土的最大干密度宜采用重型击实试验法确定,且每层的击实次数宜增加为130击。同时,利用多元线性回归方法对试验结果进行了分析,得到了最大干密度与土中各个粒组含量之间的线性关系式。结果表明,含粗粒的细粒土的最大干密度与各粒组含量之间存在良好的线性关系。     

Physical laboratory analyses of intergravel flow through brown trout redds (Salmo trutta fario) in response to coarse sand infiltration

In the spawning environment of salmonids, the quality of the intergravel flow is an essential abiotic requirement for the survival success of incubated embryos. As one of the most frequently investigated anthropogenic environmental impacts, the enhanced mobilization of fine sediments (<1 mm) and their entry into riverine ecosystems is considered as a major cause for the degradation of a variety of biological processes and habitats, including the spawning habitats of salmonids. In catchments draining crystalline bedrock, however, like the Bohemian Massif in the northern part of Austria, the excessive loading of river channels with coarse sand and fine gravel sediments (D = 1–10 mm) and less cohesive than fines is common as a consequence of altered catchment land use. Here, far less understanding exists of the mechanism and the possible implications of coarse sand infiltration on the functioning of the intergravel flow in salmonid redds. To investigate the intergravel flow hydraulics in response to coarse sand infiltration (D₅₀ = 2 mm) in brown trout spawning redds (Salmo trutta fario ) under controlled conditions, a laboratory flume experiment with three infiltration scenarios was conducted: (1) no infiltration; (2) segmental infiltration; and (3) full section infiltration. A more than two times drop in the average intergravel flow velocity was documented from scenario 1 (5.85 cms^?1) to scenario 2 (2.53 cms^?1) and another clear reduction was seen from scenario 2 (2.53 cms^?1) to scenario 3 (1.61 cms^?1). Moreover, in scenario 3, a clear reduction of the intergravel flow distance traveled was observed. Based on the findings we conclude that future considerations regarding the sustainable catchment management of salmonid fisheries should include programs to reduce not only the excessive entry of fines, but, in the relevant catchments, also the entry of excessive coarse sand into the riverine ecosystem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土石混合体压缩性的三维颗粒力学研究

土石混合体是由作为骨料的砾石或卵石与作为填充料的黏土或砂土组成的特殊工程地质材料,无论天然形成或人工合成,其力学特性与均质土体或岩体相比均有较大差异。以昆明新机场高填方中大量采用土石混合体填料为工程背景,在三维颗粒流程序中对特定的土石混合体试样的侧限压缩试验进行数值模拟,比较了不同级配条件下土石混合体模型的微观结构及基本力学物理性能。通过比较侧限压缩模量和压缩后孔隙率,研究了含石率对土石混合体骨架效应等结构性的影响,并提出了工程中建议采用的土石比例区间,在颗粒流方法用于实际工程方面进行了有益的探索。     

From solid to granular gases: the steady state for granular materials

This paper aims at extending the well‐known critical state concept, associated with quasi‐static conditions, by accounting for the role played by the strain rate when focusing on the steady, simple shear flow of a dry assembly of identical, inelastic, soft spheres. An additional state variable for the system, the granular temperature, is accounted for. The granular temperature is related to the particle velocity fluctuations and measures the agitation of the system. This state variable, as is in the context of kinetic theories of granular gases, is assumed to govern the response of the material at large strain rates and low concentrations. The stresses of the system are associated with enduring, frictional contacts among particles involved in force chains and nearly instantaneous collisions. When the first mechanism prevails, the material behaves like a solid, and constitutive models of soil mechanics hold, whereas when inelastic collisions dominate, the material flows like a granular gas, and kinetic theories apply. Considering a pressure‐imposed flow, at large values of the normal stress and small values of the shear rate, the theory predicts a nonmonotonic shear rate dependence of the stress ratio at the steady state, which is likely to govern the evolution of landslides. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组白云岩储层特征及成因机制

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系白云岩是重要的天然气储集层,对其白云岩成因和储层发育规律的研究对于碳酸盐岩深层勘探理论的发展具有重要意义。文章基于大量岩心、薄片的观察,并结合稳定碳氧同位素、稀土元素、白云岩有序度、地层水、包裹体特征等地球化学分析,对盆地奥陶系存在的两种典型白云岩储层的发育特征和形成机理进行了详细研究。分析表明,含硬石膏结核或柱状晶的泥粉晶白云岩主要为潮坪蒸发环境的萨布哈成因,其规模储层的发育主要受到长时不整合的控制,不整合面以下发育大量硬石膏结核和柱状晶溶模孔;颗粒滩白云岩主要为回流渗透成因,其储层孔隙的发育主要受到海平面高频升降的影响,发育多旋回的粒（晶）间孔隙型储层。虽然两种白云岩的白云石化流体都为浓缩海水,但由于白云石化的机制和速率不同,二者的原始孔隙类型和特征迥异。两种白云岩孔隙在后期的成岩改造和演变过程中,既有相同之处,又有明显的区别。这一认识也将对深层的白云岩储层勘探提供指导作用。     

颗粒材料剪胀性的微观力学分析

剪胀性是颗粒材料在加载过程中表现出来的重要变形特性。以孔隙胞元描述颗粒材料内部结构的最小单元,通过对单个孔隙胞元进行剪切受力分析,探讨了剪切过程中颗粒材料体积的改变对应力比和单个孔隙胞元形状的依赖关系,解释了排列密实的颗粒材料在剪切过程中先压缩后剪胀的微观机制。用离散元数值模拟得到了在双轴剪切过程中单个孔隙胞元形状以及孔隙胞元体积变形的演化过程。离散元数值结果表明,加载过程中孔隙胞元形状由初始各向同性到沿大主应力方向变大变长、体积变形先压缩后膨胀,并且体积变形在加载过程中存在局部化现象,体积变化大的孔隙胞元在较大变形时,排列成倾斜的窄带。综合孔隙胞元的受力分析和离散元数值结果表明,致密排列颗粒材料的剪胀性与微观尺度上孔隙胞元的几何结构及其内部的力链传递方式密切相关。     

粒状材料的强度与变形

颗粒破碎的特征表明,颗粒破碎具有分形特征,是影响粒状材料变形与强度的主要因素,根据颗粒破碎的分形模型可以建立粒状材料的变形与强度理论。假定粒状材料是均匀的D维分形体,由此导出粒状材料的抗张强度公式,并用来估算颗粒在给定压力下的破碎几率。颗粒破碎增加了单位体积颗粒的表面积,即颗粒的比表面能量增加,根据颗粒破碎过程中的能量守恒导出粒状材料一维压缩变形的表达式。     

粗／精轨道数据对卫星InSAR DEM精度影响的对比分析

本文在介绍InSAR系统中卫星轨道状态矢量内插方法的基础上，从理论和实际两方面分析了轨道数据误差对参考椭球面相位、地形干涉相位和数字高程模型（DEM）精度的影响。以上海局部地区作为实验场，采用ERS-1／2卫星SAR影像数据，分别使用欧洲空间局粗略轨道数据和荷兰Delft大学空间研究中心精密轨道数据进行了干涉处理，生成了两种情况下的DEM，并对相关精度进行了对比与分析。研究结果表明，使用精轨数据建立的DEM的精度明显高于基于粗轨数据建立的DEM的精度。     

Discrete element method simulations of offshore plate anchor keying behavior in granular soils

Abstract

The keying mechanism of plate anchors (PLA) embedded into granular sandy soils is investigated in this work using the discrete element method (DEM) modeling to simulate microscale response and to observe the emergent macroscale behavior. Parameters (e.g., padeye eccentricity, loading direction) that influence anchor keying are analyzed in the simulations. The load-displacement response and embedment losses during keying are evaluated and compared to published experimental results from the literature. The keying mechanism of the PLA for different padeye eccentricities and loading directions are investigated. The DEM results are found to have the same trends as published experimental results. The embedment loss has a bilinear response with the padeye eccentricity which is in accordance with the experimental results reported in the literature. Embedment losses increase linearly with increasing loading directions. Microscale observations of mobilized particle friction, particle rotation, contact force network, and steering coefficient during keying are used to provide insights into the keying mechanisms. The potential for particle mobilization is reached more quickly for the larger padeye eccentricities. The particle rotation is the major keying mechanism for all the cases in the simulations. Finally, the granular assembly adjacent to the PLA is steering from horizontal to vertical for all padeye eccentricities.