紫色土典型三角形层状剖面入渗模拟

通过室内特制的土壤水分入渗试验装置,分别设置上粗下细和上细下粗两种典型不同质地紫色土三角形层状剖面,探讨典型不规则层次结构的土壤入渗特性。结果显示,同一三角形层状剖面入渗,粗质土半剖面的垂直湿润锋随时间推进速度快于细质土。对于粗质土,上细下粗剖面设置下其半剖面的垂直湿润锋随时间推进速度快于上粗下细,但对于细质土,两种层状剖面设置下其垂直湿润锋随时间推进速度差异不明显。无论上粗下细,还是上细下粗,两种层状剖面对斜面湿润锋变化曲线影响不大。两种层状剖面入渗,湿润锋、入渗速率与时间均呈极显著幂函数关系。建立的紫色土典型三角形层状剖面入渗模型,经验证,模拟值与实测值具有非常好的一致性,且可与经验模型相互转换,模型参数也具有一定的物理意义。     

新疆渭干河灌区水文地质条件变化及排水措施探讨

渭干河灌区的水土环境及水文地质条件在克孜尔水库建成后发生了一定的变化,本文结合灌区12年来的水盐监测资料,对灌区地下水的埋深变化规律、水质演变趋势、灌区的排水效果及目前存在的问题进行了分析与探讨,并为今后灌区排水措施和保持水土环境的良性发展提出了建议.     

含碎石土壤水分入渗试验研究

采用一维积水垂直入渗法测定含碎石土壤的入渗过程,分析碎石含量和碎石组成对土壤水分运动影响。对试验数据采用Kostiakov入渗公式拟合,得出反映入渗速率的拟合参数比值与土石比成幂函数关系;采用简略的Philip垂直入渗方程幂级数解拟合湿润峰随时间的变化,拟合精度高,并发现拟合参数与土石比仍成幂函数关系。采用简单相关分析碎石粒径对入渗过程影响,得出粒径2~3 mm碎石与入渗过程成显著的负相关关系,而>25 mm碎石有利于入渗。研究结果可为含碎石土壤的水循环提供重要的基础。     

Compressibility and shear strength of a residual soil

A detailed study was performed to investigate the compressibility and the shear strength of a residual soil in Omdurman, Sudan. The soil resulted from weathering of sandstone and mudstone. The soil is classified as sandy clayey silt (MH-CH) and is generally partially saturated. Consolidation tests were performed to study the compressibility of the soil and UU, CIU and insitu tests (CPT and SPT) were performed to study the shear strength characteristics of the soil. The characteristics of this residual soil can generally be predicted using correlations proposed in the literature for transported soils. The soil is of low to medium compressibility and exhibits slight apparent overconsolidation behavior. The soil dilates during shear and shows no long term effective cohesion. Problems associated with open cuts in this soil are attributed to loss of strength upon saturation.     

Geobotanical and biogeochemical reconnaissance of the ultramafics of Central Iran

In Iran, ultramafic rocks cover substantial areas at many locations in the country. These rocks consist predominantly of peridotite which has been serpentinized to some degree. Anarak and Nain are two ultramafic areas in Central Iran comprising about 180 and 270 km², respectively, located in a coloured melange zone. There is little information available regarding the geobotany and biogeochemistry of these areas. They have a dry climate, with low rainfall and high temperatures in summer which encourages mostly annual and perennial herbaceous types of plants. In this paper, we report a reconnaissance study of these two ultramafic areas of Iran. Soil analysis of total elements indicates that typical concentrations of Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe, Mg and Ca are about 1500, 300, 75, 800, 45.000 150.000 and 2000 μg g^− 1, respectively. During this study 176 plant species were collected, belonging to 29 families. The species diversity at Anarak is more than at Nain, possibly due to microclimatic differences and a greater precipitation. The number of plants endemic to ultramafic soils of these two areas is very low. The herb Cleome heratensis (Capparaceae) appears to be an indicator of ultramafics in Central Iran. Populations of this plant cover quite extensive areas during summer and autumn when there is no rainfall. Analysis of the dry matter of the leaves of all plants collected did not reveal any hyperaccumulator of nickel or any other ‘serpentine’ metals. The ultramafic endemic plant C. heratensis contained low concentrations of all metals and thus it possesses exclusion mechanisms to restrict excessive metal uptake. The Mg/Ca ratio for some plants collected is high—up to 4.9. This initial survey suggests that a more complete investigation of the ultramafic areas of Iran would be valuable.     

Hydraulic and compaction characteristics of leachate-contaminated lateritic soil

Large quantities of leachate-contaminated lateritic soil results from dump yards in the southwest coast of India. These dump yards receive large quantities of municipal solid waste which includes chemical, industrial and biomedical wastes. Large areas of land are currently being used for this purpose. An extensive laboratory testing program was carried out to determine the compaction characteristics and hydraulic conductivity of clean and contaminated lateritic soil. Batch tests were used to study the immediate effect of leachate contamination on the properties of lateritic soil. Contaminated specimens were prepared by mixing the lateritic soil with leachate in the amount of 5%, 10% and 20% by weight to vary the degree of contamination. The results indicated a small reduction in maximum dry density and an increase in hydraulic conductivity due to leachate-contamination. The change induced by chemical reaction in the microstructure of the soil was studied by scanning electron microscope before and after contamination of soil with leachate. The structure of the leachate contaminated soil sample appeared to be aggregated in scanning electron microscope analysis. The aggregated structure increases the effective pore space and thus increases the hydraulic conductivity. Fifty percent increase in hydraulic conductivity was observed for specimens prepared at standard Proctor density and mixed with 20% leachate. Compaction characteristics did not change much with the presence of leachate up to 10%. With 20% leachate the maximum dry density decreased slightly indicating excess leachate in the soil. However the changes are not significant.     

土性指标和地层性质对水泥搅拌桩成桩质量的影响

从水泥土的固化机理出发,结合水泥搅拌桩桩身标准贯入试验和水泥土配合比试验,分析讨论了土性指标、土质条件和地层性质对水泥搅拌桩成桩质量的影响。     

根际环境锌镉镍的形态变化与植物有效性

以抚顺西露天采场60平盘5种修复植物根际与非根际土为研究对象，运用顺序提取实验和数理统计分析方法研究了根际与非根际土中Zn、Cd、Ni的形态分布与植物有效性。结果表明，Zn、Ni在根际与非根际土中主要以硫化物态存在；而Cd在非根际土中以硫化物态为主，在根际土中以可交换态和松、紧有机态为主。与Ni相比，非根际土中Zn的紧有机态、氧化物态和Cd的紧有机态、氧化物态、可交换态比例明显偏大；与非根际土相比，根际土中Zn的铁锰氧化物态和硫化物态含量增加，碳酸盐态含量降低，松有机态、紧有机态和可交换态Zn在不同植物根际变化不同。Cd的硫化物态降低，可交换态、松有机态、碳酸盐态、氧化物态和紧有机态含量在不同植物根际变化不同。Ni的紧有机态显著增加，可交换态、碳酸盐态和硫化物态明显降低，松有机态在不同植物根际变化不同；根际Cd的碳酸盐态增加和氧化物态降低有利于植物Cd的吸收；碳酸盐态Zn的减少可促进植物Zn的增高。     

非饱和土中剪切S波的传播特性分析

基于对非饱和多孔介质的研究成果,考虑孔隙中的液相和气相的相互影响,研究非饱和土地基中剪切S波的传播特性。通过非饱和土中固相、液相和气相的质量平衡方程、动量平衡方程和非饱和土有效应力原理,建立问题的弹性波动方程,经过理论推导给出非饱和土中剪切S波的弥散特征方程。通过数值算例分析剪切S波的波速和衰减系数随饱和度、频率和固有渗透系数等因素的变化规律。结果表明,剪切S波的波速几乎不受饱和度的影响,但其随着频率的增大而减小,随着固有渗透系数的增大先不变后增大;剪切S波的衰减系数随着饱和度和频率的增加均增大,而随着固有渗透系数的增大先不变后增大最后减小。     

Dating of post-glacial landforms in the central howgills

Little is known of Holocene landform development in Upland Britain. This paper describes a site at Middle Langdale in the Howgill Fells of Cumbria where large, but now stabilized and inactive gullies cut through periglacial material. At the base of the gullies large debris cones have buried earlier alluvial sediments on the valley floor. On these sediments and buried by the debris cones is a well-developed organic soil from which two ¹⁴C dates have been obtained in an attempt to estimate the age range of the soil. These dates range from 2580±55 years BP for the fine particulate fraction from the base of the organic horizon to 940±95 years BP for fossil rootlets from the uppermost organic layer, immediately below the overlying debris cones. The pollen evidence suggests that the valley floor site was initially dominated by alder carr and later by a Juncus marsh with birch, alder and hazel nearby. The pollen, from the surrounding upland area suggests woodland on the valley sides, dominated by oak and elm that was later replaced by a more open environment rich in heath species and in which disturbed ground species were present. The magnetic evidence indicates a stable local environment during soil formation but shows a sudden inwash of unweathered debris at the top of the buried soil. The evidence suggests that the valley floor was geomorphologically stable throughout the period of soil formation, although there was a local change in valley floor vegetation and a reduction of woodland cover on the valley sides at sometime during the period. The evidence then points to major geomorphological changes; a wave of soil erosion, gully development and debris cone deposition, perhaps following the Scandinavian introduction of sheep farming in the tenth century A.D.