Methane hydrate formation comparisons in media with and without a water source supply

Water is a necessary element during gas hydrate formations. Therefore, by analyzing water depletion changes in media, the reaction characteristics of methane hydrate in media can be studied. In this study, two water sources supplying some liquid water which may be consumed by the methane hydrate formation reactions were designed and assembled. Using them, the full formation processes of methane hydrate was studied. Experimental results show the following： If heat released from nucleation reaction of methane hydrate is diffused rapidly, the nucleation ratios will be enhanced discernibly. While the hydrate is formed, a force is generated that sucks fresh water from the source into the vicinity of the hydrate, slowing down the cementation process and causing some hydrate grain dissociation. As a result of cementation differences, the hydrate reaction processes with different water sources present linear or quadratic equation characteristics. After a few repeated dissociation and formation processes of some hydrate grains caused by the fresh water, the gas amounts contained in hydrate will be significantly enhanced.     

沉积物孔隙毛细管压力与甲烷水合物饱和度关系研究

To better understand the relationship between the pore capillary pressure and hydrate saturation in sediments, a new method was proposed. First, the phase equilibria of methane hydrate in fine-grained silica sands were measured. As to the equilibrium data, the pore capillary pressure and saturation of methane hydrate were calculated. The results showed that the phase equilibria of methane hydrates in fine-grained silica sands changed due to the depressed activity of pore water caused by the surface group and negatively charged characteristic of silica particles as well as the capillary pressure in small pores together. The capillary pressure increased with the increase of methane hydrate saturation due to the decrease of the available pore space. However, the capillary-saturation relationship could not yet be described quantitatively because of the stochastic habit of hydrate growth.     

基于微孔充填模型的页岩储层吸附动力学特征分析

微孔填充是吸附质分子在吸附剂纳微孔隙中、较高平衡压力下表现出来的一种吸附特征,以此为基础发展起来的热
力学理论在确定吸附剂微观结构及吸附性能研究方面起到了巨大推动作用。基于此,该文重点探讨了甲烷在页岩中吸附时
填充率θ、特征能量E、特征系数n、微分吸附功A 、吸附热Q、吸附焓ΔH 及吸附熵ΔS 的变化关系。结果表明：特征系数n
取1较为适当;温度升高特征能量E 值略降,3组样品E 值范围4.14~5.63 kJ/mol;随着θ 的不断增加,A ,Q ,｜ΔH ｜及｜
ΔS ｜等参数值逐渐降低,各能量参数随吸附进行而发生较为规律的变化,无突变。结果认为,热力学参数一定程度上代表
了TOC 及Ro 等参数的综合效应,受单一因素干扰性不强。将计算的Q 及ΔS 等热力学参数与四川盆地志留系龙马溪组页岩的
相应参数进行了对比,进一步表明四川盆地该套龙马溪组页岩具有巨大的页岩气勘探和开发潜力。     

Controlling Factors,Accumulation Model and Target Zone Prediction of the Coal‐bed Methane in the Huanghebei Coalfield,North China

The Huanghebei Coalfield, one of the coal production bases in North China, was considered as a coalfield without coal‐bed methane (CBM) during past decades. In recent years, however, CBM has been discovered in coal‐bearing successions. In order to understand the CBM geological characteristics and accumulation process in this area, fifteen coal samples were collected and analyzed with respect to coal maceral and reflectance. The result shows that the gas distribution is uneven and the content varies in different areas even for the same coal bed. The storage of CBM is affected by geological factors such as burial depth, geological structures, and magmatic intrusion, among which the former two are more important in the formation of CBM. Deep burial of coal beds with the presence of cap‐rock mudstone can seal CBM. The CBM is also accumulated and preserved at the place where normal faults are distributed. Magmatic intrusion causes contact metamorphism and controls the CBM formation by heating the coal‐bearing successions. The obtained data indicate the geological conditions in northeastern Zhaoguan Mine are preferable for CBM formation and conservation; recent exploration estimates the CBM geological reserves up to 282.16 Mm³ and average of reserve abundance at 0.1662 × 10⁸ m³ km^?2. The Changqing Mine is a potential prospect in terms of CBM exploration since its geological conditions (structures and burial depth) are similar to the Zhaoguan Mine and its cap rock is even better.     

塔中地区奥陶系喜马拉雅山期S干气充注的证据

塔中地区奥陶系天然气成因多样;Ⅰ号坡折带中东部奥陶系天然气以高干燥系数、 甲烷同位素值重为特征;与塔深1井寒武系原油裂解气接近;应主要来自寒武系原油裂解气成因。寒武系贫H₂S、 高成熟原油裂解气在喜马拉雅山期时;气侵奥陶系油气藏;得到了以下主要证据的支持: 1）天然气甲烷δ¹³C值大多比Chung et al.（1988）天然气模式甲烷δ¹³C值计算值高3‰以上;2）干燥系数与甲烷δ¹³C值大体上具有正相关关系;3）天然气干燥系数与H₂S含量大体上具有负相关关系。这些特征表明;存在贫H₂S、 相对富¹³C甲烷为主的干气与富H₂S、 相对贫¹³C甲烷的湿气混合作用。奥陶系中H₂S-δ³⁴S 值为14‰～20‰;远低于中深1井寒武系原地热化学硫酸盐还原作用（TSR）成因的H₂S（33‰）;支持了奥陶系中H₂S并不是来源于寒武系古油气藏。于是提出;来自寒武系贫H₂S的干气在喜马拉雅山期对良里塔格组和鹰山组油气藏发生了气洗;油气藏的气/油比值增大、 导致了原油蜡含量增高、 甲烷δ¹³C值发生正偏移。     

Compositional zoning of fluid inclusions in the Archaean Junction gold deposit,Western Australia: A process of fluid ‐ wall‐rock interaction?

The Junction gold deposit, in Western Australia, is an orogenic gold deposit hosted by a differentiated, iron‐rich, tholeiitic dolerite sill. Petrographic, microthermometric and laser Raman microprobe analyses of fluid inclusions from the Junction deposit indicate that three different vein systems formed at three distinct periods of geological time, and host four fluid‐inclusion populations with a wide range of compositions in the H₂O–CO₂–CH₄–NaCl ± CaCl₂ system. Pre‐shearing, pre‐gold, molybdenite‐bearing quartz veins host fluid inclusions that are characterised by relatively consistent phase ratios comprising H₂O–CO₂–CH₄ ± halite. Microthermometry suggests that these veins precipitated when a highly saline, >340°C fluid mixed with a less saline ≥150°C fluid. The syn‐gold mineralisation event is hosted within the Junction shear zone and is associated with extensive quartz‐calcite ± albite ± chlorite ± pyrrhotite veining. Fluid‐inclusion analyses indicate that gold deposition occurred during the unmixing of a 400°C, moderately saline, H₂O–CO₂ ± CH₄ fluid at pressures between 70 MPa and 440 MPa. Post‐gold quartz‐calcite‐biotite‐pyrrhotite veins occupy normal fault sets that slightly offset the Junction shear zone. Fluid inclusions in these veins are predominantly vapour rich, with CO₂?CH₄. Homogenisation temperatures indicate that the post‐gold quartz veins precipitated from a 310 ± 30°C fluid. Finally, late secondary fluid inclusions show that a <200°C, highly saline, H₂O–CaCl₂–NaCl–bearing fluid percolated along microfractures late in the deposit's history, but did not form any notable vein type. Raman spectroscopy supports the microthermometric data and reveals that CH₄–bearing fluid inclusions occur in syn‐gold quartz grains found almost exclusively at the vein margin, whereas CO₂–bearing fluid inclusions occur in quartz grains that are found toward the centre of the veins. The zonation of CO₂:CH₄ ratios, with respect to the location of fluid inclusions within the syn‐gold quartz veins, suggest that the CH₄ did not travel as part of the auriferous fluid. Fluid unmixing and post‐entrapment alteration of the syn‐gold fluid inclusions are known to have occurred, but cannot adequately account for the relatively ordered zonation of CO₂:CH₄ ratios. Instead, the late introduction of a CH₄–rich fluid into the Junction shear zone appears more likely. Alternatively, the process of CO₂ reduction to CH₄ is a viable and plausible explanation that fits the available data. The CH₄–bearing fluid inclusions occur almost exclusively at the margin of the syn‐gold quartz veins within the zone of high‐grade gold mineralisation because this is where all the criteria needed to reduce CO₂ to CH₄ were satisfied in the Junction deposit.     

煤系变形介质条件研究在煤层小断层预测中的应用——以下峪口矿2号煤层为例

煤系介质条件作为构造形成和发育的的物质基础，必然影响断层的发育。以陕西下峪口煤矿2号煤层为对象，研究了煤层围岩介质参数与煤层小断层间的关系，确定了控制2号煤层小断层发育的4个主要因素，并据此建立了预测小断层发育程度的数学模型。     

Holocene initiation and expansion of the southern margins of northern peatlands triggered by the East Asian summer monsoon recession

Northern peatlands represent one of the largest biospheric carbon reservoirs in the world. Their southern margins act as new carbon reservoirs, which can greatly influence the global carbon dynamics. However, the Holocene initiation, expansion and climate sensitivity of these peatlands remain intensely debated. Here we used a compilation of basal peat ages across six isolated peatlands at the southern margins of northern peatlands to address these issues. We found that the earliest initiation event of these peatlands occurred after the Younger Dryas (YD, 12,800–11,700 years ago) period. The second initiation event and rapid expansion occurred since 5 ka cal. BP. The recession of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the YD period and at around 5 ka cal. BP likely played a major role in controlling the initiation and expansion of these peatlands. The rapid expansion of these peatlands possibly contributed to the significant increases in atmospheric methane concentrations during the late Holocene because of the minerotrophic fens status and rapid expansion of them. These ecological processes are different from northern peatlands, indicating the special carbon sink and source implications of these peatlands in the global carbon cycle.     

春季黄、渤海沉积物中CH4和N2O的垂向分布特征研究

本研究分别利用顶空平衡法与qPCR技术测定了2018年春季黄、渤海5个典型站位柱状沉积物中甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)浓度及产甲烷菌与硫酸盐还原菌功能基因拷贝数,并分析了其与间隙水中相关环境因子的关系。沉积物上方水文条件的差异以及其中复杂的碳氮生物地球化学过程使得CH₄和N₂O浓度呈现出明显的空间和垂直变化。结果显示,沉积物中CH₄浓度为0.23~0.92 μmol·kg^-1,N₂O浓度为18.90~104.96 nmol·kg^-1。总体来说,渤海沉积物中CH₄和N₂O平均浓度高于黄海。垂向分布上,CH₄浓度均随深度增加逐渐升高, $\text{SO}_{4}^{2-}$浓度随深度增加逐渐降低,并与CH₄浓度呈镜像关系,产甲烷菌与硫酸盐还原菌的丰度也遵循着同样规律,这表明沉积物中产甲烷作用受$\text{SO}_{4}^{2-}$浓度的抑制。 mcrA基因拷贝数平均值为渤海低于黄海。除3500-7站外,沉积物中mcrA基因拷贝数随深度增加而升高。各站位mcrA 基因丰度与CH₄浓度均无显著相关性,且mcrA丰度与$\text{SO}_{4}^{2-}$浓度之间也未检测到显著相关性。dsrB基因拷贝数远高于mcrA基因拷贝数,且两者相差至少两个数量级。 dsrB基因拷贝数随深度逐渐增加,直至10 cm左右,随后至沉积物底部逐渐减少。各站位dsrB基因拷贝数与CH₄浓度剖面略有镜像关系,但均未检测到显著负相关性。以上结果均表明沉积物中存在着同时消耗沉积物中$\text{SO}_{4}^{2-}$与CH₄的其他作用。N₂O浓度随深度增加先降低,在深度30 cm以下逐渐升高。间隙水中$\text{NO}_{3}^{-}$和$\text{NO}_{2}^{-}$浓度均随深度减小,同时$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}$浓度与其呈相反趋势。沉积物中N₂O与$\text{NO}_{2}^{-}$及$\text{NO}_{3}^{-}$浓度均呈正相关,且前者相关性较高,说明反硝化作用是沉积物中N₂O产生的主要过程。这些结果为进一步了解近岸陆架海域沉积物中CH₄和N₂O的来源、分布及碳氮生物地球化学循环提供了参考资料。