Re‐establishment of soil water repellency after destruction by intense burning in a Mediterranean heathland (SW Spain)

Soil water repellency has been conventionally considered as a fire‐induced effect, but an increasing number of studies have suggested that natural background repellency occurs in many soil types, and many of them have suggested that water repellency can be re‐established over time after being destroyed. An experimental fire was conducted to study changes of the soil surface during the first 18 months following intense burning. The main objectives of this paper are as follows: (1) to investigate in situ water repellency changes at three soil depths (0, 2 and 4 cm) immediately after burning; (2) to evaluate the medium‐term evolution of water repellency under field conditions; and (3) to outline the main hydrological consequences of these changes. Also, different water repellency tests (water drop penetration time, ethanol percentage test (EPT) and contact angle (CA) between water drops and the soil surface) were carried out for comparison purposes. Field experiments showed that soil water repellency was partly destroyed after intense burning. Changes were relatively strong at the soil surface, but diminished progressively with depth. Levels of water repellency were practically re‐established 18 months after burning. This suggests that water repellency in the studied area is not necessarily a consequence of fire, but can instead be a natural attribute. Finally, although limited in time, destruction of soil water repellency has important consequences for runoff flow generation and soil loss rates, and, indirectly, for water quality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄陵矿区煤层底板异常涌出气体成因类型

黄陵矿区属于煤油气共生矿区,区内多个工作面发生底板气异常涌出。为探明底板异常涌出气体的成因类型,采集煤层底板气样44个、2号煤层气样12个,进行甲烷碳同位素(δ¹³C₁)、乙烷碳同位素(δ¹³C₂)及甲烷氢同位素(δD_CH4)等地球化学参数测试。测试分析结果表明,煤层底板异常涌出气不是来源于2号煤层,其甲烷碳同位素(δ¹³C₁)测值为-52.20‰~-42.80‰,乙烷碳同位素(δ¹³C₂)值为-37.20‰~-29.01‰,成因类型属油型气。通过对区域烃源岩分布及地层裂隙系统的分析,认为黄陵矿区底板异常涌出气可能来源于三叠系延长组烃源岩。     

滕州泉上煤矿碳酸盐岩富水性及对煤层开采的影响

通过滕县煤田(南部)泉上煤矿井下实际揭露及钻孔资料,分析研究了十下灰岩、奥灰富水性特征及石炭二叠纪月门沟群对太原组16,17煤层开采的影响,认为在开采16煤层时,必须遵循“深部疏水降压,浅部采煤”的方针;在开采17煤层时,正常情况下不会受到奥灰水的威协;在井巷开拓过程中必须慎重对待十二灰,应先查明十二灰与奥灰的关系,防止奥灰底鼓水危害。     

Importance of the oxidation/maturation pair in the evolution of humic coals

The natural thermal evolution of type III coals (Humic origin) is expressed during diagenesis by a loss of oxygen as CO₂ and H₂O. Other phenomena such as oxidation can cause extensive geochemical modifications and may complicate the effects of simple maturation.Humic coals from the Jurassic in southeastern Utah were studied by elemental analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and infrared spectroscopy. In a van Krevelen diagram (atomic H/C vs atomic O/C), the samples fall within the envelope defined by 860 reference humic coals covering the entire range of diagenesis. Nevertheless, various criteria (geochemical, petrographic, geological and microscopic) cast doubt upon the interpretation that such a distribution of coal composition results from thermal maturation.The same criteria indicate the intervention of redox phenomena. Comparison of our results with those from artificial and natural oxidation shows that these coals were subjected to an oxidation process different from ordinary late alteration. This process was probably due to circulation of highly oxidizing saline water causing oxygen fixation and the transformation of carboxyls into carboxylate anions. The cations that were fixed are oxygenated and certainly contain calcium, but also uranium and perhaps several other cations (V, Mo, Fe...). Emphasis is placed on possible mechanisms that cause such phenomena.     

区域性森林大火的真正成因

森林大火真正起因于地球排气中易燃还原性气体在腐殖层的临界积聚(气体体积分数大约为5%~6%)。现场气体(H2,CO)系统测量结果证实了这一点。测量结果显示,该林区腐殖层中H2、CO质量分数分别为(10~170)×10-6(本底值为0·5×10-6)和(2~60)×10-6(本底值为0·5×10-6),二者均远高于大气本底值数十到数百倍,而且未燃区的测值显然高于1998年燃区。     

基于SuperMap林业地理信息平台的设计与实现

为了满足当前基层林场生产任务和业务管理的实际需求,本文针对其生产中面临着的一些问题,组件式GIS-SuperMa PObjects和林业领域模型库为基础,建立林业地理信息系统平台(Superma PForest Star)的思想,实现森林资源的信息化管理.林业地理信息系统平台包括森林资源数据管理功能模块、造林决策支持模...     

贵州省煤炭资源优度评价

基于贵州省煤炭资源分布和赋存特点,构建了煤炭资源评价体系。运用灰色聚类分析方法,对贵州省166个勘查区进行分析评价,确定其优劣顺序。结果表明:单元优度值介于44.46~83.13,各单元间差异不大;贵州省具有良好的煤炭资源条件,“优”和“良”级资源占参评总资源量一半以上;煤炭资源在毕节和六盘水分布优势明显,适于优先带动开发。     

基于突变理论的小煤窑采空区失稳判据及应用

小煤窑采空区突发性垮塌灾害是榆神府矿区重大地质灾害问题之一。采用工程地质分析及数理推导的方法,分析了小煤窑采空区成灾条件及致灾机理,构建了顶板–残留煤柱岩石力学系统,推导了基于尖点突变模型的采空区系统失稳力学判据。以枣稍沟小煤窑为例进行分析,结果表明,该方法简便实用,计算结果可靠,为小煤窑采空区稳定性定量评价提供了一种新途径。     

煤矿用锚杆钻头的应用现状与发展趋势

我国是采煤大国,大多数煤矿以井工开采为主,煤矿巷道掘进和支护的工程量很大,巷道支护钻孔施工需要消耗大量锚杆钻头,锚杆钻头的设计和制造技术也得到了快速发展。介绍了锚杆钻头的发展和应用现状,对我国煤矿现用的锚杆钻头的技术特点、适用性进行了分析,并结合煤矿巷道支护的实际需求,提出了施工硬岩和复杂地层时锚杆钻头存在的问题,最后从锚杆钻头设计、加工工艺等方面,阐述了锚杆钻头的发展趋势。     

广西西湾煤系首次发现牙形刺及其地层意义

西湾煤系是广西重要含煤层位之一,以碳酸盐岩夹煤层为特征,自下而上分天堂组和大岭组,主要煤层赋存于大岭组中。煤系时代有晚三叠世与早侏罗世之争。1988年笔者之一冯少南,曾报道了天堂组产植物化石Danaeopsis fecunda Halle,为煤系时代归属提供了重要古生物依据。今年笔者在大岭组的灰岩中分析出牙形刺,认为大岭组的时代应属晚三叠世,并进一步说明大岭组为潮坪泻湖→滨海沼泽相沉积。