高温状态下加载速率对石灰岩力学效应研究

采用美国MTS810电液伺服材料试验机,对200 ℃高温状态下的石灰岩试件进行了5级不同加载速率下的单轴压缩试验,考察了石灰岩的全应力-应变曲线,给出了其峰值强度、峰值应变、弹性模量E随加载速率的变化特征。研究结果表明,(1) 石灰岩的峰值强度、弹性模量在加载速率v = 0.000 5～0.005 mm/s内,随加载速率增大呈急剧上升现象;当v = 0.005 0～0.5 mm/s内,随加载速率增大呈下降趋势;当v >0.5 mm/s后,呈现上升趋势。(2) 石灰岩的峰值应变在v = 0.000 5～0.005 mm/s内,随加载速率增大呈下降趋势;在v = 0.005～5.0 mm/s加载速率区段,峰值应变呈现缓慢上升现象。研究结果可为相关岩体的爆破效应及评价岩石工程的稳定性提供参考。     

钙、铁、铝形态对岩溶石灰土磷有效性的影响

为揭示钙、铁、铝形态与岩溶地区土壤磷有效性关系,通过改进的BCR元素形态连续提取法获取石灰土不同发育阶段土壤矿质元素赋存形态,并分析与总磷及速效磷含量之间的相关关系。初步研究表明:石灰土壤中全磷和速效磷在石灰土发育过程呈降低趋势,从黑色石灰土到黄色石灰土,总磷降低了76.7%,速效磷减少了84.7%。石灰土总磷与速效磷同酸溶态、可还原态及残渣态钙,可氧化态铁、铝和可还原态铝显著正相关,而同总铁、总铝以及残渣态铝显著负相关,相关系数绝对值均达到0.9以上。随着石灰土发育进行,钙总量及其形态均降低,而铝、铁总量和形态呈增加趋势,可能导致岩溶地区石灰土磷及其有效性缺乏越发突出。      

一种特殊瘤状灰岩的成因研究

关于瘤状灰岩的成因主要有三种观点,其中一种认为与碳酸盐结核有关,另一种则认为是差异压实所为,再一种则认为是同沉积作用形成。然而,广西德保县都安下泥盆统达莲塘组发育的一种特殊的瘤状灰岩却因其产状貌似通常意义的砾状灰岩而使得人们将其误认为砾状灰岩。作者通过对这套“砾状灰岩”的沉积岩石学、生物化石、古构造等特征的研究,发现该“砾状灰岩”既不是沉积作用形成,也非同沉积构造作用形成,而是首先在闭塞的台内洼槽环境中形成同生和成岩碳酸盐结核,然后差异压实作用导致地层表面强烈地凹凸不平或地层整体的不均匀性 (致使强度降低 ),最后在印支期的穹隆形成过程中由于翼部的剪切、弯滑、弯流作用,致使结核发生转动、移动而形成今天所见的“砾状灰岩”。因此都安“砾状灰岩”实为瘤状灰岩,它代表的是闭塞、贫氧的 (台内洼槽 )沉积-成岩环境,是沉积成岩和构造等多种因素共同作用的产物。     

Static and Dynamic Moduli of the Seismogenic Layer in Italy

Summary Static and dynamic elastic moduli of Calcare Massiccio (mudstone-limestone) have been measured as a function of frequency over nine decades, using three different standard methods: uniaxial static compression, dual cantilever forced oscillations, and measurement of ultrasonic velocities. An accurate critical comparison using the same techniques on a poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) material shows that an unresolvable 10 to 20% bias exists in the two low frequency standard techniques, whereas the ultrasonic measurements are more accurate and reproducible within 5%. No significant frequency dependence is found for Calcare Massiccio, which gives a Youngs modulus of (75±7) GPa and a Poisson#x2019;s ratio of (0.28#x2009;#x00B1;#x2009;0.02).     

袖阀管注浆技术在灰岩地层中的应用

为保证灰岩地基处理中充填物能够与周围环境固结成为一个整体，且具有一定的强度，本次地基处理工程采用了袖阀管注浆和双液注浆相结合的方法，使其充填物在灰岩地基中形成树枝状、叶面状等的水泥结块，从而提高桩端下卧持力层稳定性及处理体的承载力。     

山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组碳酸盐岩沉积相的特征及其意义

山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组发育7层灰岩,从下到上依次为半沟灰岩、吴家峪灰岩、庙沟灰岩、下毛儿沟灰岩、上毛儿沟灰岩、斜道灰岩和东大窑灰岩。通过详细的野外观测和室内镜下薄片研究,确定了各层灰岩的沉积相类型,恢复了当时的沉积环境和各层灰岩沉积时相对水体深度的变化。其中庙沟灰岩属中缓坡相沉积,吴家峪灰岩、下毛儿沟灰岩、上毛儿沟灰岩、斜道灰岩和东大窑灰岩均属浅缓坡相沉积,半沟灰岩属后缓坡相沉积。7层灰岩的相对水体深度关系为:庙沟灰岩>斜道灰岩>东大窑灰岩>下毛儿沟灰岩>上毛儿沟灰岩>吴家峪灰岩>半沟灰岩。在太原组内识别出6次沉积间断、7次小型沉积旋回,总体构成2次明显的相对海平面升降旋回。     

库鲁克塔格地区巷古勒塔格组瘤状灰岩及其沉积环境

新疆库鲁克塔格地区巷古勒塔格组发育瘤状灰岩,是一种深水沉积序列.本区瘤状灰岩形成于台缘斜坡带,滑塌重力流改造原岩形态,并分为富泥型、过渡型及富灰型3种类型.富泥型瘤状灰岩沉积在CCD线之下,受深度海水溶解作用改造.过渡型瘤状灰岩形成在CCD附近,受海底底流和深度海水溶解的双重作用改造.富灰型瘤状灰岩形成在CCD之上,受周期性的重力流作用的改造和海底底流的溶解作用.岩性组合表明,早奥陶世库鲁克塔格地区处于迅速海侵阶段.     

Limestone assimilation and the origin of CO2 emissions at the Alban Hills (Central Italy): Constraints from experimental petrology

The Alban Hills volcanic region (20 km south of Rome, in the Roman Province) emitted a large volume of potassic magmas (> 280 km³) during the Quaternary. Chemical interactions between ascending magmas and the ∼ 7000–8000-m-thick sedimentary carbonate basement are documented by abundant high temperature skarn xenoliths in the eruptive products and have been frequently corroborated by geochemical surveys. In this paper we characterize the effect of carbonate assimilation on phase relationships at 200 MPa and 1150–1050 °C by experimental petrology. Calcite and dolomite addition promotes the crystallization of Ca-rich pyroxene and Mg-rich olivine respectively, and addition of both carbonates results in the desilication of the melt. Furthermore, carbonate assimilation liberates a large quantity of CO₂-rich fluid. A comparison of experimental versus natural mineral, glass and bulk rock compositions suggests large variations in the degree of carbonate assimilation for the different Alban Hills eruptions. A maximum of 15 wt.% assimilation is suggested by some melt inclusion and clinopyroxene compositions; however, most of the natural data indicate assimilation of between 3 and 12 wt.% carbonate. Current high CO₂ emissions in this area most likely indicate that such an assimilation process still occurs at depth. We calculate that a magma intruding into the carbonate basement with a rate of ∼ 1 – 2 · 10⁶ m³/year, estimated by geophysical studies, and assimilating 3–12 wt.% of host rocks would release an amount of CO₂ matching the current yearly emissions at the Alban Hills. Our results strongly suggest that current CO₂ emissions in this region are the shallow manifestation of hot mafic magma intrusion in the carbonate-hosted reservoir at 5–6 km depth, with important consequences for the present-day volcanic hazard evaluation in this densely populated and historical area.     

Settlement and colonization of epi‐endobenthic communities on calcareous substrata in an underwater archaeological site

Underwater archaeological sites represent assets of great value that are subjected to physical and biological stresses. The study of biological settlement on calcareous substrata is the first step to understanding the biodeterioration processes that take place on man‐made structures (marble, statues, columns and other architectonic elements) in marine environments. To accomplish this objective, calcareous panels (30 × 30 × 2 cm) were immersed for 3, 6, 9 and 12 months along a north?south transect in marine protected areas of Baia (Naples). Both epilithic and endolithic assemblages were analysed: the latter was observed by scanning electron microscope after the cast‐embedding technique had been used. After 1 year the epilithic community was still changing, with algae and pioneer species overgrown by encrusting organisms, and the endolithic assemblage dominated by cyanobacteria/chlorophyte traces. Changes of epilithics lead changes on endolithics. The initial phototrophic borers were replaced by more sciophilous and competitive species; moreover, the first macroboring organisms arrived after the settlement of grazers. After 12 months of immersion, the rate of bioerosion was high, the material was deeply bored and all of the limestone surface was heavily covered.     

广东禾尚田矿区新类型风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿的发现及意义

在广东禾尚田矿区,通过地表和钻孔岩芯样品的野外硫酸铵浸泡-草酸点滴试验、化学分析、稀土（REE）配分分析、稀土浸取率测定等工作,首次发现了灰岩风化壳中存在离子吸附型富铕稀土工业矿床。稀土矿与坡残积钨锡矿、铷矿共伴生,并伴生锂、镓和铯等元素,具有中稀土富集和高浸取率的特点,是离子吸附型稀土矿的新类型。它的发现将对离子吸附型稀土矿床勘查产生深远的影响,大大拓展找矿思路和对象;并说明了在一个矿田或一个矿区内寻找新的矿种、新的矿床类型、新的含矿层位的重要性。通过成矿地质条件分析,作者认为矿区西部找矿前景甚佳,禾尚田矿区将成为一个集有色、稀有、稀土、贵金属矿产的多矿种、多矿床类型、多含矿层位的矿区。