Diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent simulated by a spectral cumulus parameterization

The validity of a spectral cumulus parameterization (spectral scheme) for simulating a diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent (MC) was examined using a regional atmospheric model. The impacts of entrainment parameterization and each type of convective closure, i.e., non-equilibrium (or equilibrium) closure for deep convection, mid-level, and shallow convective closures, were also examined. When vertically variable entrainment and appropriate convective closures were employed, the model adequately simulated a diurnal cycle of precipitation over both land and ocean as compared to the observation. Analysis regarding the entrainment parameterization revealed that variable entrainment parameterization was needed not only for simulating better mean patterns of precipitation, but also for more realistic phases of diurnal cycles. The impacts of convective closures appeared in the differences in the precipitation amplitude. Analysis on diurnal cycles of convective properties and tendencies revealed that the cycles between boundary layer forcing and convective heating determined convection strength and were affected by each type of convective closure. It can be concluded that the spectral scheme with appropriate convective closures is able to simulate a realistic diurnal cycle over the MC.     

大武水源地地下水环境模拟与石油污染控制研究

大武水源地是山东省内唯一的大型地下水水源地，由于相邻的堠皋地段地下水被石油污染，大武水源地面临着严重的石油污染威胁。本文通过对地下水环境模拟和地下水环境控制模拟的研究，提出在堠皋地段设置 地下水截流带，控制已污染的地下水向大武水源地径流。为达到保护大武水源地的目的，提出石油污染治理建议。     

Earthquake response of hysteretic mass-column using non-Gaussian closure

A non-Gaussian closure scheme based on the Edgeworth expansion of the probability density function is used to study the response of a hysteretic structure under random parametric excitation. The system considered consists of a weightless mass supporting a concentrated mass and it is subjected to the vertical and horizontal components of the ground acceleration modeled as nonstationary Gaussian white noise processes. The material of the structure exhibits bilinear hysteretic behaviour. The equation governing the motion of the system is transformed into an Itô stochastic differential equation. A set of ordinary differential equations governing the response statistics are obtained. These form an infinite hierarchy of equations which must be truncated in order to solve for moments of any order. The Edgeworth expansion of the joint density is used to truncate this infinite hierarchy. Such a closure scheme appears desirable since for hysteretic systems an explicit expression of the probability density is required. A frequently used closure scheme based on Gaussian assumption underestimates the response. The non-Gaussian density can be used in reliability studies.     

城市大气边界层的数值研究

本文利用能量闭合的二维非线性、非定常模式,结合地面热量平衡方程,研究了城市热岛和城市热岛环流以及其它相关的城市边界层参量的发展演变规律;同时探讨了在城市污染面源的情况下,污染物的扩散、输送问题.模拟结果得到了天津市城市热岛观测资料的证实.     

复杂下垫面地域边界层结构的三维细网格数值模拟

建立了一个可供复杂下垫面地域使用的非静力的三维细网格边界层模式，就复杂下垫面条件下的边界层结构和湍流特征作了以实例为对照的数值模拟试验，模式采用能量闭合方案，舍弃了静力近似。以实测资料为初台输入，同时还做了一些数值试验，分别获得了采用静力与非静力模式和不同闭合方案对ＰＢＬ模型的结果。     

A model of the wave and current boundary‐layer structure

A model of the wave and current boundary‐layer structure was developed using the k–ε turbulent closure model. The finite‐difference method was used to solve the governing equations. Vertical logarithmic grids and equal time steps were adopted. The following modelled simulations were obtained: (1) vertical profiles of wave velocity amplitude, eddy viscosity coefficient and turbulent kinetic energy with waves only; (2) vertical profiles of wave velocity amplitude, mean current velocity, eddy viscosity coefficient and turbulent kinetic energy with waves having a following current. To test the validity and the rationality of the present model, vertical profiles of modelled wave velocity amplitude and mean velocity were compared with corresponding experimental results available in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fish Canyon Tuff榍石He扩散及(U- Th)/He年代学研究

榍石富含U和Th,是(U-Th)/He定年的理想矿物之一。本文以Fish Canyon Tuff榍石为例,开展了榍石He扩散行为和榍石(U-Th)/He定年实验方法研究。榍石分步加热扩散实验结果表明He扩散系数ln(D/a²)与温度倒数呈负相关,与期望的热活化扩散过程一致。测试Fish Canyon Tuff榍石(U-Th)/He年龄分布在28.3～24.6 Ma之间,平均值为26.7±1.2 Ma (1σ),Th/U分布在4.6～5.5之间,平均值为5.2±0.2,在误差范围内与国际上已出版数据一致,表明建立的榍石(U-Th)/He定年实验方法可靠。本次测试15粒榍石碎片外表层(～20μm)存在不同程度的磨蚀(即不完整晶体),且榍石表层磨蚀厚度随着等效半径的增加而增大。榍石碎片(U-Th)/He年龄介于完整晶体(U-Th)/He年龄和真实(U-Th)/He年龄之间,且随着榍石等效半径及表层磨蚀厚度(<20μm)的增大,(U-Th)/He年龄更接近真实年龄,这表明榍石(U-Th)/He年龄不确定度与等效半径大小和表层磨蚀厚度有关。     

Process-based model for nearshore hydrodynamics, sediment transport and morphological evolution in the surf and swash zones

Hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the nearshore zone were modeled numerically taking into account turbulent unsteady flow. The flow field was computed using the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a k–ε turbulence closure model, while the free surface was tracked using the Volume-Of-Fluid technique. This hydrodynamical model was supplemented with a cross-shore sediment transport formula to calculate profile changes and sediment transport in the surf and swash zones. Based on the numerical solutions, flow characteristics and the effects of breaking waves on sediment transport were studied. The main characteristic of breaking waves, i.e. the instantaneous sediment transport rate, was investigated numerically, as was the spatial distribution of time-averaged sediment transport rates for different grain sizes. The analysis included an evaluation of different values of the wave friction factor and an empirical constant characterizing the uprush and backwash. It was found that the uprush induces a larger instantaneous transport rate than the backwash, indicating that the uprush is more important for sediment transport than the backwash. The results of the present model are in reasonable agreement with other numerical and physical models of nearshore hydrodynamics. The model was found to predict well cross-shore sediment transport and thus it provides a tool for predicting beach morphology change.     

Formation stability after hydraulic fracturing

This paper investigates stress changes resulting from fracturing in a weak formation and estimates the reduced risk of formation failure. The analysis is based on fracture propagation and closure of a plane strain elasto–plastic fracture. It is shown that during fracture propagation the area near the fracture tip undergoes plastic deformation, with the result that the in situ stresses there are significantly reduced from the original compressive state. The stress relief is driven by the reduction of the minimum in situ stress and the consistency condition which requires the stress state to remain on the yield or failure envelope. After fracture closure, due to permanent deformation the stress state does not return to its original state, as in the case of elastic material. The risk of formation failure, which is quantified with the introduction of a yield factor, is significantly reduced after fracturing and closure. The residual width from plastic deformation results in a non-uniform closure stress on proppant with higher values near the tip and lower value near the wellbore which is detrimental to the stability of proppant. The closure stress becomes more uniform with increasing fracture length. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modem通道时延对多台站TWSTFT的影响分析

针对多通道调制解调器(Modem)不同接收通道间时延值差异对双向卫星时间频率传递(TWSTFT)结果产生较大影响的问题,该文通过使用卫星模拟转发器的方法,实时测量地面站设备时延。采用多台站间两两双向的方法,归算后验证设备时延对三站闭合差结果的影响。依托国家授时中心的卫星双向比对网,开展了各地面站间基于中星12号卫星的TWSTFT试验。结果表明,通道时延对闭合差结果影响较大,在通道时延扣除前,误差可达数十纳秒;而在扣除后,结果优于0.2ns。这表明:多通道Modem各通道时延值不同引起的误差可有效测量并扣除,从而多台站开展TWSTFT是可行的。这样不仅提高了TWSTFT的执行效率,方便快捷地检验地面站间时间同步的准确度,而且节约了卫星资源的占用率。