A Note on Two-Equation Closure Modelling of Canopy Flow

The note presents a rational approach to modelling the source/sink due to vegetation or buoyancy effects that appear in the turbulent kinetic energy, E, equation and a supplementary equation for a length-scale determining variable, φ, when two-equation closure is applied to canopy and atmospheric boundary-layer flows. The approach implements only standard model coefficients C _φ1 and C _φ2 in the production and destruction terms of the φ equation, respectively. Numerical tests illustrate the practical applicability of the method, where, for example, simulations with the E–ω model (where is the specific dissipation and is the dissipation rate of E) properly reproduce both the surface-layer wind profile estimated from the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and the mixing-height evolution observed above forested terrain in Southern Finland.     

Measurement of the Sensible Eddy Heat Flux Based on Spatial Averaging of Continuous Ground-Based Observations

Using the standard eddy-covariance (EC) method to quantify mass and energy exchange at a single location usually results in an underestimation of vertical eddy fluxes at the surface. In order to better understand the reasons for this underestimation, an experimental set-up is presented that is based on spatial averaging of air temperature data from a network of ground-based sensors over agricultural land. For eight days during the 34-day observational period in May and June 2007, additional contributions to the sensible heat flux of more than 50Wm⁻² were measured in the lower surface layer by applying the spatial EC method as opposed to the standard temporal EC method. Smaller but still significant additional sensible heat fluxes were detected for four more days. The additional energy is probably transported in organised convective structures resulting in a mean vertical wind velocity unequal to zero at the tower location. The results show that convective transport contributes significantly to the surface energy budget for measurement heights as low as 2–3 m. Since these structures may be quasi-stationary, they can hardly be captured by a single-location measurement. The spatial EC set-up presented here is capable of quantifying contributions to the sensible heat flux from structures up to the scale of our spatial sensor network, which covered an area 3.5 × 3.5 km. For future experiments aiming at closing the energy balance, the spatial EC method should be employed to measure both the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Experimental determination of the horizontal advection of sensible and latent heat should also be considered, since such transport must occur due to convergence and divergence related to convection.     

藏东南峡谷地区不同下垫面地表通量变化特征及其与降水的关系

利用藏东南峡谷地区排龙站、丹卡站、卡布站、墨脱站四个站点2018年11月至2019年10月的涡动协方差仪观测资料,分析藏东南峡谷地区不同位置入口、中段和末端地表通量变化的特征及其与局地降水的关系.研究表明:地表通量月平均日变化特征为夜间潜热通量大于感热通量,日间呈单峰变化特征.排龙站和丹卡站感热11月至次年4月较强,5...     

GPS精度鉴定测姿系统中的闭合差检验

简要介绍了GPS精度鉴定测姿系统构造原理,针对高动态条件下GPS精度评估与检验存在检核难的问题,设计了利用三角形闭合差进行检验方法,基于Visual C++编写了精度检验软件,经数据分析得出GPS高动态下的系统误差,该方法计算简单易于操作,有效利用了测姿系统冗余信息,具有较好的实用价值。     

内蒙古锡林浩特乌拉苏太大石寨组火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过1∶5万区域地质调查,对中亚造山带南缘内蒙古锡林浩特乌拉苏太地区发育的大石寨组酸性火山岩进行了野外地质、岩石学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学、地球化学等研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,该火山岩年龄为287.5±1.4Ma(MSWD=3.1),形成于早二叠世早期。岩石地球化学研究表明,大石寨组火山岩为一套中酸性火山岩,以高硅、富碱、高铝为特征,Ti、Mg、Fe、Ca等元素含量较低。微量元素总体含量较高,具有一致的配分曲线,Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、LREE等大离子亲石元素相对于Nb、Ta、HREE等高场强元素明显富集。稀土元素总量偏高,具有一致的右倾海鸥式配分型式。地球化学特征显示,该套火山岩具有岛弧火山岩的属性。结合大石寨组岩石学及地质学特征,大石寨组火山岩最可能形成于弧后扩张(或弧间)盆地,是早二叠世早期古亚洲洋闭合前洋壳俯冲消减作用的产物。     

Structural evolution within the Luning–Fencemaker fold-thrust belt, Nevada: progression from back-arc basin closure to intra-arc shortening

The Luning–Fencemaker fold-thrust belt (LFTB) of central Nevada reflects major Mesozoic shortening in the western US Cordillera, and involved contractional deformation in Triassic and lower Jurassic back-arc basinal strata. Structural analyses in the Santa Rosa Range, in the northern LFTB, provide new insight into the evolution of this belt. Four phases of deformation are recognized in the Santa Rosa Range. D₁ involved tight to isoclinal folding, cleavage development under low-grade metamorphic conditions, and reverse faulting. This deformation phase reflects NW–SE shortening of 55–70% in the Early and/or Middle Jurassic. D₂ structures are similar in orientation to D₁ but involved much less overall strain and are well developed only to the southeast. D₂ appears to be related to thrusting along the eastern margin of the LFTB in the Middle and/or Late Jurassic. D₃ deformation reflects very minor shortening (<5%) in a subvertical direction, and is tentatively interpreted to reflect stresses generated during initial intrusion of mid-Cretaceous plutons in the area. D₄ deformation demonstrably occurred synchronously with emplacement of Cretaceous granitoids dated at 102 Ma (U–Pb zircon) based on syntectonic relations between D₄ structures and thermal metamorphism associated with intrusion, and an upgrade in D₄ strain in the thermally softened metamorphic aureoles of the intrusions. This last phase of deformation reflects minor regional NE–SW shortening, coupled with localized strain associated with pluton emplacement.Formation of the LFTB structural province was accomplished during the D₁ and D₂ phases of deformation, and most shortening occurred during the D₁ event. This Jurassic deformation led to structural closure of the back-arc basin by top-to-the-SE tectonic transport and development of a largely ductile fold-thrust belt. Subsequent deformation (D₃ and D₄) is >50 m.y. younger and unrelated to development of the LFTB. The younger deformation reflects a combination of minor regional shortening, interpreted to be related to the Cretaceous Sevier orogeny, plus localized shortening related to emplacement of Cretaceous intrusions.     

On Modelling the One-Dimensional Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Several commonly used turbulence closure schemes forthe atmospheric boundarylayer (ABL) are applied to simulate neutral, nocturnal and diurnal cyclesituations in a one-dimensional ABL. Results obtained with the differentschemes, E-, E- and its modified versions, and twoversions ofthe q ² Level 2.5, are compared and discussed.     

Improvement Of The Mellor–Yamada Turbulence Closure Model Based On Large-Eddy Simulation Data

On the basis of data constructed with large-eddy simulation (LES), an attempt is made to improve the Mellor–Yamada (M–Y) turbulence closure model. Firstly, stably-stratified and convective planetary boundary layers without moisture are simulated by a LES model to obtain a database for the improvement. Secondly, based on the LES data, closure constants are re-evaluated and a new diagnostic equation for the master length scale L is proposed. The new equation is characterized by allowing L in the surface layer to vary with stability instead of constant kz, where k is the von Kármán constant, and z is height.The non-dimensional eddy-diffusivity coefficients calculated from the modifiedM–Y model are in satisfactory agreement with those from the LES data. It isfound that the modified M–Y model improves the original one largely, and thatthe improvement is achieved by considering buoyancy effects on the pressurecovariances andby using the newly proposed equation for L.     

隧洞设计与施工中存在的误区

隧洞穿过软岩与硬岩时,对其围岩稳定所采取的措施是完全不同的。在施工过程中,某些工程技术人员混淆了两者之间的差异,如柔性支护与刚性支护,一次支护与二次支护(混凝土衬砌),开挖程序及衬砌程序等问题。作者着重对以上几个问题作一阐述,供现场施工技术人员参考。     

西藏最新非碳酸盐海相沉积及其对新特提斯关闭的意义

西藏南部珠穆朗玛峰北部的定日遮普惹山地区存在一套与过去斩最新海相沉积不同的新地层－朋曲组。它与下伏遮普惹组呈整合接触，与上覆第四系呈不整合，识别的钙质微化石带NP15、NP16和NP20将本区的最高海相层位提高到了始新世普里亚本末期（31Ma），较之过去的认识推了迟16－19Ma，朋曲线为一套非碳酸盐沉积厚约180m，分为下部黄绿色页岩含砂岩和上部紫红色砂页岩两部分，系入海三角洲相。该套最新非碳酸盐海相沉积对东段新特提斯的关闭时间和方式具有重要参考价值，并概括为：（1）始新世鲁帝特期初期（巴基斯坦北部和印度西北部）→（2）普里亚本末期（西藏南部的仲巴－定日）（－岗巴））→（3）渐新世末期（塔里木海湾＋印度－缅甸山岭地区－安达曼岛弧）→（4）中新世早期的末期（巴基斯坦Katawaz残留盆地）。