花岗岩浆晶出锆石U Pb体系的封闭温度≥850℃”质疑

根据实验条件及元素扩散作用理论分析,本文认为Lee等(1997)和Chemiak等(2000)进行花岗岩锆石中U和Pb扩散系数实验得出的“锆石U-Pb同位素体系封闭温度＞900C”结论只适用于解释源区岩石升温产生部分熔融形成花岗岩浆过程中存在残留锆石的情况,而不表明从花岗岩浆晶出锆石的U-Pb同位素体系封闭温度≥850℃.对花岗岩体的523对锆石U-Pb年龄(tz,)与全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄(tRb)差值△t(△t=tzr-tRb)进行的频数统计分析表明:①△t既有正值又有负值,△t直方图呈正态分布(偏度系数CSK:-0.205;峰度系数CKU=5.093);②花岗岩体△t值的分布不存在系统正(或负)偏差,而受偶然因素(实验误差)支配.这些锆石U-Pb年龄和全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄进行的相关分析拟合出相关系数很高(R =0.997),回归系数接近1的线性方程(tzr=0.999775×tRb+0.06898Ma).这表明花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年结果与全岩Rb-Sr等时线定年结果在误差范围内一致,不存在花岗岩锆石U-Pb同位素年龄大于花岗岩全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄的规律.     

Sensitivity of the Parameterizations of Vertical Mixing and Radiative Heat Fluxes on the Seasonal Evolution of the Thermal Structure of Lake Erie

A sensitivity analysis of the parameterizations of vertical mixing and radiative fluxes on the seasonal evolution of Lake Erie's thermal structure is performed using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) and the General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM). The models have the same horizontal resolution and are forced with observed meteorological data from April to October of 2002 and 2008. For turbid waters like Lake Erie, the three-band model for the parameterization of downward shortwave radiation produces more accurate temperatures in the thermocline and less error in simulating the mixed-layer depths than the widely used two-band model. Although the two models differ in vertical and horizontal mixing, numerical methods, and vertical discretization, they produced qualitatively comparable results. Comparison with observations shows that the models can reproduce the time evolution of the lake temperature reasonably well. The MITgcm and the GETM with the Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 (MY2.5) closure produce a deeper mixed layer than observed at a station located in the eastern basin, causing large errors in simulating the temperature in the thermocline while the GETM, using a turbulence scheme called “gen,” reproduces a mixed layer in better agreement with observations. The mixed-layer obtained with the k-ε closure is between those obtained with gen and MY2.5. The error in simulating the mixed-layer depths and the thermocline temperature at a station located in the central basin using the gen closure and the GETM was about 2°C lower than that obtained by the K-Profile Parameterization mixing scheme of the MITgcm. The models simulated a lake-wide anticyclonic circulation occupying the southwest part of the central basin but showed distinct differences in simulating gyres in the northwestern part of the central basin and in the eastern basin of the lake. The signature of a basin-scale Poincaré wave observed in the current data is also well represented by the two models.     

Fracture closure modes during flowback from hydraulic fractures

Flowback analysis recently has been considered as a potential tool for assessing induced fractures through corresponding pressure analyses and rate transient analysis. In this paper, we study fracture closure mechanisms during the flowback of fracturing fluid after hydraulic fracturing treatments. Although it is known that flowback can be significantly affected by the geometry of the fractures and closure stress, there has not been any effort to understand the problem from the geomechanical point of view; rather, available studies assume that a fracture closes uniformly with constant fracture compressibility. The coupled geomechanics and fluid flow model presented in this paper help to elucidate how geostresses may affect fracturing fluid recovery under different conditions. We perform a scaling analysis to formulate the occurrence of different fracture closure modes and then use numerical analyses to verify our scaling parameters. The factors governing the flowback process include the mechanical and petrophysical properties of the rock as well as preexisting discontinuities such as natural fractures. Three different closure modes for fracture networks are described and numerically verified. The occurrence of each mode can dramatically affect fracturing fluid recovery. The role of fluid leakoff into the formation, fractures conductivity, and drawdown strategy are examined for each fracture closure scenario.     

磷灰石中氦扩散参数的确定方法及求解过程

基于Arrhenius 关系图解, 详细介绍了磷灰石中氦扩散参数及其封闭温度的确定方法及求解过程,并以Wolf et al（1996） 的阶段升温数据为例进行了演示性和验证性计算。主要求解步骤如下：（1）对磷灰石做阶段升温试验,得到每一阶段的氦 累积丢失分数;（2）根据球形颗粒的扩散模型公式计算出每一阶段的lnD/a²;（3）以lnD/a²作为纵坐标,1/ T作为横坐标作 图（T 为阶段升温试验每一阶段的温度）,如果在某一温度范围内得到的是一条直线,说明在这一温度范围内磷灰石中氦的 扩散遵从Arrhenius关系式,那么在Arrhenius关系图解上,扩散参数E 和ln D0/a²可通过直线的斜率和截距得到;（4）把E 和 lnD0/ a²代入封闭温度的计算公式,通过迭代计算就可得到磷灰石的封闭温度。求解过程中需要注意两个关键问题：（1）由 于1/ T 为小数,对于磷灰石的氦扩散数据来说,需乘以10⁴ 将其化为整数,与纵坐标的数值为同一数量级;（2）计算封闭温 度时,需把冷却速率的单位从“℃/Ma”转化为“ K/s”,转化时需注意1 ℃ /Ma = 1 K/Ma。     

植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响分析

植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合的影响在地表能量平衡研究中有重要意义。以张掖市盈科灌区玉米农田为研究区,在采用TDEC（Thermal Diffusion Equation+Correction）方法修正土壤热通量的基础上,分析了植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响。结果表明：能量储存分项对于能量闭合率具有一定的提升作用,平均提升幅度约为5.18%。能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响与有效能量（R_n-G）相关。各能量储存分项对能量闭合率的贡献从大到小依次为：光合作用 >植被冠层热储存 >空气热储存 >空气湿度变化≈露水焓变,其中后两项量级极小,可在相关研究中忽略。量级较大的前三项能量分项具有明显的单峰日变化趋势,其中光合作用项相对另两分项在时间上有所滞后。此外,不同天气条件下（如有云和无云）能量储存分项对于能量闭合率的影响不同,有云时其影响相对较大。     

黄土高原地表能量闭合特征及土壤通量参数化

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(简称SACOL站)2008年夏季晴天的湍流、 辐射、 土壤温度和通量梯度观测资料, 确定了晴天土壤热参数, 并结合土壤热流量板测量的温度积分法把实际测量通量推算到地表; 讨论了典型黄土高原沟壑区土壤热量储存对地表能量闭合率的影响; 建立了计算地表土壤热通量的模型. 结果表明: 黄土高原典型沟壑区夏季晴天平均土壤热容量为1.23×10⁶ J5m^-35K^-1; 能量平衡方程中, 以5 cm 埋深处HFP01SC热流量板观测值 (G₅) 表示土壤热通量时, SACOL站地表能量闭合率为75.7%. 采用温度积分法, 将HFP01SC的直接测量结果校正到地表(G_s)后, 地表能量闭合率可以达到81.8%; 0~5 cm土壤层的热量储存对能量平衡的贡献为6.1%. 模型计算得土壤热通量(G_m)与G_s之间的线性回归斜率为0.973(显著性水平为0.1‰). (H+LE)与(R_n-G_m)进行线性回归, 得到地表能量闭合率为81.7%. 表明模型与温度积分法计算计算土壤热通量非常接近, 但通过参数化方法计算时仅需要知道R_n即可.     

非均匀灌溉棉田能量平衡特征研究

运用国际能量平衡实验(EBEX-2000)的湍流、净辐射和土壤观测资料,运用涡动相关法分析了非均匀灌溉引起的热内边界层发展条件下近地层感热、潜热通量特征,并对有无灌溉两种条件下的能量闭合度进行了对比分析.在计算感热、潜热通量过程中,分别将Schotanus订正和Webb订正纳入了考虑范围,研究了两种订正方法对计算湍流热通量的影响.研究结果发现,由于非均匀灌溉生成的热内边界层使得近地层感热通量受到抑制,潜热通量出现波动,该现象在8.7 m比2.7 m 更为显著.非均匀灌溉导致的热内边界层的存在使得近地层能量闭合度偏低,能量平衡比率约为0.65;而没有热内边界层存在时,近地层能量平衡比率约为0.70.本实验中,Schotanus订正使得感热通量显著减小,其订正量日平均值约为-8 W/m²,占净辐射的近4%;Webb订正量日平均值约为2 W/m²,对能量平衡的影响较小.     

A Note on Two-Equation Closure Modelling of Canopy Flow

The note presents a rational approach to modelling the source/sink due to vegetation or buoyancy effects that appear in the turbulent kinetic energy, E, equation and a supplementary equation for a length-scale determining variable, φ, when two-equation closure is applied to canopy and atmospheric boundary-layer flows. The approach implements only standard model coefficients C _φ1 and C _φ2 in the production and destruction terms of the φ equation, respectively. Numerical tests illustrate the practical applicability of the method, where, for example, simulations with the E–ω model (where is the specific dissipation and is the dissipation rate of E) properly reproduce both the surface-layer wind profile estimated from the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and the mixing-height evolution observed above forested terrain in Southern Finland.     

Measurement of the Sensible Eddy Heat Flux Based on Spatial Averaging of Continuous Ground-Based Observations

Using the standard eddy-covariance (EC) method to quantify mass and energy exchange at a single location usually results in an underestimation of vertical eddy fluxes at the surface. In order to better understand the reasons for this underestimation, an experimental set-up is presented that is based on spatial averaging of air temperature data from a network of ground-based sensors over agricultural land. For eight days during the 34-day observational period in May and June 2007, additional contributions to the sensible heat flux of more than 50Wm⁻² were measured in the lower surface layer by applying the spatial EC method as opposed to the standard temporal EC method. Smaller but still significant additional sensible heat fluxes were detected for four more days. The additional energy is probably transported in organised convective structures resulting in a mean vertical wind velocity unequal to zero at the tower location. The results show that convective transport contributes significantly to the surface energy budget for measurement heights as low as 2–3 m. Since these structures may be quasi-stationary, they can hardly be captured by a single-location measurement. The spatial EC set-up presented here is capable of quantifying contributions to the sensible heat flux from structures up to the scale of our spatial sensor network, which covered an area 3.5 × 3.5 km. For future experiments aiming at closing the energy balance, the spatial EC method should be employed to measure both the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Experimental determination of the horizontal advection of sensible and latent heat should also be considered, since such transport must occur due to convergence and divergence related to convection.     

藏东南峡谷地区不同下垫面地表通量变化特征及其与降水的关系

利用藏东南峡谷地区排龙站、丹卡站、卡布站、墨脱站四个站点2018年11月至2019年10月的涡动协方差仪观测资料,分析藏东南峡谷地区不同位置入口、中段和末端地表通量变化的特征及其与局地降水的关系.研究表明:地表通量月平均日变化特征为夜间潜热通量大于感热通量,日间呈单峰变化特征.排龙站和丹卡站感热11月至次年4月较强,5...