塔里木沙漠石油公路半隐蔽式沙障区与流沙区沙物质粒度变化

运用沉积物的粒度分析方法，研究了塔里木沙漠石油公路半隐蔽式沙障区内外沙物质的粒度特征。指出了设置沙障后随时间的推移，障内沙物质平均粒径的Φ值将增大，分选程度变差，而偏度和峰态变化则不十分显著；累积概率曲线表现为四─六段式，含两组悬移组份；掩埋沙障的主要沙物质是跃移组份。此外，还分析了粒度分布与风沙运动的关系，为设置和维护机械沙障提供了粒度方面的依据。     

水成铀矿床含矿层中地浸成因的地球化学障

以层状淋滤成因铀矿床为例，研究主要成矿元素和伴生元素在地浸液向未变化的自然水过渡界限上的行为。这里确定了中和地球化学障以及与它有关的次级障──去气障、中和障等。在这些障上进行着铀、稀土元素和一系列其它元素的现代堆积。指出了这一过程中地下微生物的作用。测定了赋矿陆源岩石的中和容量。评估了所研究体系中物质的带出、迁移和再沉淀的规模。作出的主要结论是：所研究的地质介质具有足够的保护性质，以对抗地浸液的直接的、强烈的作用。     

风沙危害防治的主要工程措施及其机理

对风沙危害防治的主要工程措施及其物理机理进行了深入研究,从理论上得出格状沙障内最大风蚀深度与方格边长之间的解析关系,利用流体力学理论计算了不同草头高度h₀所对应的最大间距L_max,得出格状沙障中心沙粒的起动风速随沙障规格和深宽比h/L的增加而减小,建立了栅栏下风侧风速为来流风速的百分率与栅栏下风向距离的关系,并对不同孔隙度尼纶网栅栏的风沙阻导效应、直立植物及戈壁砾石覆盖防沙措施的粗糙特征、化学工程固沙措施等进行了广泛研究。通过对已有研究成果的综合评述,剖析了风沙工程学面临的主要问题与任务,指出与生态环境治理、资源开发及可持续发展问题紧密结合,是风沙危害防治研究发展的方向,并亟待加强与生态环境恢复-资源高效开发一体化的风沙危害防治措施的理论研究与技术示范。     

浅析绿色贸易壁垒与全球生态环境保护

绿色贸易壁垒是各国以可持续发展和保护生态环境为理由设置的各类非关税壁垒的总称,它既是人类生态环境意识日益提高的必然要求,又是技术性贸易壁垒的重要表现形式。论文以贸易壁垒对国际贸易空间格局影响的一个分析框架为基础,初步探索了绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易空间格局和全球生态环境保护的可能影响。研究表明,绿色贸易壁垒具有明显的歧视性,如果其盛行,很可能使发达国家获得更大的贸易利益,而使发展中国家面临更严重的经济困难,从而进一步恶化这些国家的生态环境,进而可能威胁到全球的环境利益。总之,如果滥用绿色贸易壁垒,将可能损害全球生态环境,只有加强在生态环境领域的国际经济、技术合作才能真正有利于可持续发展目标的实现,这对碳关税的设计同样具有借鉴意义。     

Overcoming barriers to knowledge exchange for adaptive resource management; the perspectives of Australian marine scientists

The sustainable science-based management of natural resources requires knowledge exchange between scientists and environmental decision-makers; however, evidence suggests that information flow is inhibited by a range of barriers. To date, our understanding of the range and importance of factors limiting knowledge exchange between scientists and decision-makers is based primarily on the perceptions of decision-makers, while the perceptions of scientists have been largely overlooked. This study addresses this knowledge gap by quantitatively assessing the perceptions of scientists, represented by a sample of 78 Australian marine scientists, regarding (i) the role and importance of engaging with environmental decision-makers on a personal level, (ii) the role and importance of engaging with environmental decision-makers at the institutional level, (iii) current barriers to engaging with environmental decision-makers and (iv) options for overcoming barriers to engaging with environmental decision-makers. Survey results suggest that Australian marine scientists feel that they have an obligation to engage decision-makers in their science, and that engaging with and communicating to environmental decision-makers is important on a personal level. This study also identifies a range of barriers that impede engagement activities, including inadequate measures of science impact that do not account for engagement activities, a lack of organisational support for engagement activities, insufficient time to conduct engagement activities in addition to other responsibilities and a lack of funding to support engagement activities. To overcome these barriers, participants identified the need for institutional innovation by research institutions, research funders and decision-making agencies alike to promote a culture whereby knowledge exchange activities are legitimised as core business for research scientists, and recognised and rewarded appropriately. Although difficulties exist in implementing such institutional innovations, doing so will improve two-way knowledge exchange among scientists and decision-makers and improve the likely success of environmental management.     

The right stuff? informing adaptation to climate change in British Local Government

Local government has a crucial role to play in climate change adaptation, both delivering adaptation strategies devised from above and coordinating bottom-up action. This paper draws on a unique longitudinal dataset to measure progress in adaptation by local authorities in Britain, comparing results from a national-scale survey and follow-up interviews conducted in 2003 with a second wave of research completed a decade later. Whereas a decade ago local authority staff were unable to find scientific information that they could understand and use, we find that these technical-cognitive barriers to adaptation are no longer a major problem for local authority respondents. Thanks to considerable Government investment in research and science brokerage to improve the quality and accessibility of climate information, local authorities have developed their adaptive capacity, and their staff are now engaging with the ‘right’ kind of information in assessing climate change risks and opportunities. However, better knowledge has not translated into tangible adaptation actions. Local authorities face substantial difficulties in implementing adaptation plans. Budget cuts and a lack of political support from central government have sapped institutional capacity and political appetite to address long-term climate vulnerabilities, as local authorities in Britain now struggle even to deliver their immediate statutory responsibilities. Local authority adaptation has progressed farthest where it has been rebranded as resiliency to extreme weather so as to fit with the focus on immediate risks to delivering statutory duties. In the current political environment, adaptation officers need information about the economic costs of weather impacts to local authority services if they are to build the business case for adaptation and gain the leverage to secure resources and institutional license to implement tangible action. Unless these institutional barriers are addressed, local government is likely to struggle to adapt to a changing climate.     

Mineralogical and geochemical features of bacterial mats and travertines of the Khoito-Gol thermal spring (East Sayan)

The mineralogical and geochemical features of the Khoito-Gol ecosystem (fresh thermal waters-microorganisms-travertines) of the Baikal Rift Zone and the aspects of the interaction among its components were studied. The research has shown that the behavior, distribution, and accumulation of trace elements are determined mostly by the geochemical barriers of geologic and biologic genesis in the flowing-water habitat of bacteria of the Khoito-Gol spring. Formation of biominerals by different functional groups of its bacterial community is considered.     

盗窃者犯罪出行距离的特征及其影响因素——基于居住社区、作案社区及出行物理障碍的综合考虑

从犯罪出行距离的角度研究犯罪行为,有助于更好地理解犯罪发生的机理。已有研究主要探讨作案社区的特征对犯罪者出行距离的影响,尚未综合考虑作案地、居住社区与作案社区差异及出行物理障碍(physical barrier)影响。论文以中国南方某特大城市为例,构建考虑个体层与作案社区层特征的多层线性回归模型,探究盗窃者犯罪出行距离的影响因素。研究发现：(1)相比作案社区层,个体层的变量对犯罪出行距离的影响更大;(2)出行物理障碍变量会提高模型的解释力,犯罪出行跨越的物理障碍越多,则出行距离越远,且它会影响作案社区中地铁、超市、银行对犯罪出行距离的作用;(3)居住社区与作案社区之间的环境差异对犯罪出行距离有影响,居住社区中的公交站、学校、超市越多,地铁站越少,犯罪者的出行距离越近。研究结论可以为犯罪者的地理画像与警务防控提供理论支撑。