与铁相关的几种渗透反应格栅材料性能的比较

挥发性氯代有机化合物为地下水和饮用水中最常见的挥发性有机污染之一。文中对日益引人注意的渗透反应格栅(PRB:permeable reactive barrier)材料进行了研究。主要在实验室条件下,利用中国现有的实用性材料———铸铁的铁屑、实验室合成双金属和纳米双金属作为反应介质,对反应的脱氯效果和机理、还原性脱氯的反应动力学和影响因素进行初步的研究,以寻求一种可以大量得到的廉价而高效的材料,研究它对氯代烃的降解效率。在研究中选择最有代表性的CT和PCE作为目标污染物,讨论粒状铁、双金属以及纳米双金属对氯代有机物的降解速率,确定气相色谱法测定水溶液中的氯代有机物浓度的最佳实验条件,比较3 类反应介质的特点和应用范围。     

Remediation of ground water containing chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons, benzene and chromate by sequential treatment using ZVI and GAC

A laboratory experiment with two sequenced columns was performed as a preliminary study for the installation of a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at a site where a mixed ground water contamination exists. The first column contained granular zero valent iron (ZVI), the second column was filled with granular activated carbon (GAC). Trichloromethane (TCM, 930 μg/l) and chlorobenzene (MCB, 260 μg/l) were added to the ground water from the site as the main contaminants. Smaller amounts (<60 μg/l) of benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), tribromomethane (TBM), vinyl chloride and chromate were also added to the water to simulate the complex contamination pattern at the site of interest. PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, DBCM, BDCM, TBM, MCB and chromate were remediated in contact with ZVI, while the remaining contaminants showed incomplete degradation. A fraction of 8–16.5% TCM was converted to dichloromethane (DCM). Remaining contaminant concentrations were efficiently sorbed by the GAC until breakthrough of DCM was observed after 1,230 exchanged pore volumes in the GAC. The results show that the complex mixture of contaminants can be remediated by a sequenced PRB consisting of ZVI and GAC and that DCM sorption capacity is the critical parameter for the dimensions of the GAC reactor.     

HUMAN RELATIONS AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE DELIVERY IN RURAL NEPAL: THE CASE OF DEURALI *

A preliminary analysis of the primary health care delivery component of a small rural development project in Deurali, Nepal, suggests that personal relations between project personnel and their target population (e.g., implementors'sincerity and commitment to service) can overcome many cultural, geographical, and class-related social barriers to achieving project objectives. The Deurali medical staff's ability to combine their technical skills with sincerity, hard work, and commitment has made the Deurali project reasonably successful in meeting villagers'primary health care needs.     

河口闸下淤积和清淤措施研究综述

淤泥质河口建闸后需要解决泥沙淤积的问题,它制约着河口的综合利用。本文就我国淤泥质河口挡潮闸引起的闸下淤积和清淤措施研究成果进行了综述。首先归纳了我国主要建闸河口闸下淤积类型.多数学者根据潮波变形理论和不平衡输沙理论对闸下淤积的力学机理和控制因素进行分析,解释和预测河口闸下淤积的基本特征和发展趋势。提出不同类型的建闸河口防淤减淤措施。最后指出目前研究中的不足和以后应进一步加强研究的问题。     

挡潮闸下港道清淤机具的改进及应用

我国许多挡潮闸，地睛淤泥质海岸，闸下港道淤积十分严重。为了清除闸下港道淤积，提高挡潮闸的排涝能力，对耙具作了改进，经历了单面齿耙、双面齿耙、掺气耙和改进型掺气耙四个发展阶段，本文介绍清淤耙的发展过程，并对各种耙具进行了对比。拖耙清淤机具具有效率高、费用低的特点，每立方米的清淤成本仅为常规挖泥船的三分之一左右。     

Adaptive Management of Urban Ecosystem Restoration: Learning From Restoration Managers in Rhode Island,USA

Urban aquatic restoration can be difficult to accomplish because of complications like industrial pollutants, population density, infrastructure, and expense; however, unique opportunities in urban settings, including the potential to provide benefits to many diverse people, can make urban restoration especially rewarding. The success of urban restoration projects—even those focused primarily on ecological targets—depends on community involvement and managers considering community needs. However, research on the social barriers to urban restoration and strategies managers use to overcome them is relatively rare. This work attempts to fill that gap by presenting barriers for aquatic restoration projects in urban settings and strategies to overcome them. Building from interviews with restoration managers involved in urban aquatic restoration projects in Rhode Island, we contribute through an adaptive management approach: identifying and synthesizing the lessons learned from managers’ work in urban settings. Ultimately, we suggest potential for double- and triple-loop learning by disentangling and critiquing the frames and policy/power structures that influence decision making in urban aquatic restoration.     

泥质河口闸下冲淤特性及冲淤量的分析预报

通过泥质河口建闸工程闸下淤积特性的分析研究表明,闸下河段淤积的条件是涨潮流带入河段的泥沙数量大于落潮流从河段内带走的泥沙数量。其水动力原因是径流量减小和潮波变形。在此基础上提出了建闸工程和建闸与双导堤相结合闸下淤积和冲刷的分析预报方法,这些冲淤分析预报方法得到了相关工程的实测资料及浑水动床物模试验结果的验证。     

Global trade in fish and fishery products: An overview

Global trade in fishery products plays a significant role in shaping the harvesting and use of fish, and therefore will be an important part of a transition to sustainable fisheries. This article provides an overview of global trade flows in fish and fishery products as well as future trends affecting the sector. It then moves on to review trade policy measures applied in major producing and importing countries, including tariff, non-tariff measures, and fisheries subsidies. It ends with an overview of recent developments in international frameworks governing trade in fish and fishery products at the global, regional and national levels.     

Physical and political boundaries as barriers to the continuity of social vulnerability

The dynamics of social vulnerability are of key interest to many government agencies and departments. Identifying the geographic distribution of vulnerability within regions, and analysing how localised areas of social need change over time, is a key information requirement for decision-making, and the resultant allocation of resources. Typically, the delineation of areas for the determination of social vulnerability occurs using a combination of political and census boundaries. In many instances, the boundaries of these areas align to natural geographic features such as rivers or lakes. In other cases, a boundary is aligned to a man-made structure such as a road. The boundary may also be arbitrarily positioned based on some measure of distance and not align to any physical feature. In this research, we identify the various boundary types present in a political region. Using two measures of social vulnerability, we assess these boundaries as barriers to the continuity of social vulnerability. From our results, we identify motorways/highways and watercourses as potential barriers. We find no significant effects with lesser road structures suggesting there is no “wrong side of the street”. These results have implications for decision-makers and emphasise the need to recognise the “softness” of boundaries, and consider the relationships between areas, when allocating resources.     

机械沙障组合对土壤含水量及温度的影响

工程治沙技术的应用日益广泛,机械沙障是最早应用于防治风沙危害的工程措施之一,然而对于机械沙障如何影响沙土物理性质的研究较少。利用中子水分仪和温度计,对宁夏沙坡头地区两种机械沙障组合（直立式沙障+平铺式沙障）下不同土层的土壤含水量和温度进行测定分析,以未铺设沙障的裸沙为对照,为揭示工程固沙措施间接防风固沙机理提供科学依据。结果表明：机械沙障布设初期,直立式沙障加平铺式双层网明显提高了土壤温度,但随着布设时间的推移逐渐趋于稳定;机械沙障直接影响着土壤水分的再分配,不同机械沙障组合对土壤水分的再分配有着不同的影响,且有一定的蓄水保水作用。