Spatial and temporal variations in temperate forest soil carbon dioxide during the non-growing season

In the Whitehall Forest of Georgia during the 1985-86 non-growing season soil CO₂ varied with soil depth, varied spatially at constant depth, and varied temporally with changing environmental conditions. Variations with depth in the upper 1.4 m of the soil were of greater magnitude than temporal variations and spatial differences at 30 cm depth were of lesser magnitude. Mean soil CO₂ in evergreen forest was higher (0.207 per cent) than in deciduous and mixed forest (0.157 per cent). There were no trends in soil CO₂ along hillslopes or with changes in soil texture, bulk density, moisture content, or temperature. Soil CO₂ did increase near trees possibly due to increased root densities and/or more numerous pockets of microbial activity. For CO₂ at 30 cm depth, two variables–the mean daily temperature range in the month before measurement and actual evapotranspiration in the week before measurement (AET7)–explained 76 per cent of the variation in mean soil CO₂. At the profile site, where soil CO₂ was measured at five depths, 66 per cent of the variability in CO₂ was explained by soil depth, AET7, and the average daily temperature range in the two months before measurement.     

Vertical distribution of dimethylsulfide,sulfur dioxide,aerosol ions,and radon over the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Dimethylsulfide (DMS), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), methanesulfonate (MSA), nonsea-salt sulfate (nss-SO₄ ^2–), sodium (Na⁺), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), and nitrate (NO₃ ^–) were determined in samples collected by aircraft over the open ocean in postfrontal maritime air masses off the northwest coast of the United States (3–12 May 1985). Measurements of radon daughter concentrations and isentropic trajectory calculations suggested that these air masses had been over the Pacific for 4–8 days since leaving the Asian continent. The DMS and MSA profiles showed very similar structures, with typical concentrations of 0.3–1.2 and 0.25–0.31 nmol m^–3 (STP) respectively in the mixed layer, decreasing to 0.01–0.12 and 0.03–0.13 nmol m^–3 (STP) at 3.6 km. These low atmospheric DMS concentrations are consistent with low levels of DMS measured in the surface waters of the northeastern Pacific during the study period.The atmospheric SO₂ concentrations always increased with altitude from <0.16–0.25 to 0.44–1.31 nmol m^–3 (STP). The nonsea-salt sulfate (ns-SO₄ ^2–) concentrations decreased with altitude in the boundary layer and increased again in the free troposphere. These data suggest that, at least under the conditions prevailing during our flights, the production of SO₂ and nss-SO₄ ^2– from DMS oxidation was significant only within the boundary layer and that transport from Asia dominated the sulfur cycle in the free troposphere. The existence of a sea-salt inversion layer was reflected in the profiles of those aerosol components, e.g., Na⁺ and NO₃ ^–, which were predominantly present as coarse particles. Our results show that long-range transport at mid-tropospheric levels plays an important role in determining the chemical composition of the atmosphere even in apparently remote northern hemispheric regions.     

南沙珊瑚礁对大气CO2含量上升的响应

本文利用南沙海域的碳酸盐化学以及相关调查资料，分析了表层CaCO3饱和度的分布特征，通过碳酸盐的热力学计算模式，定量评估了未来大气CO2增加对表层CaCO3饱和度的潜在影响，利用CaCO3饱和度与珊瑚钙化速率的经验关系式，进一步预测了珊瑚礁对大气CO2上升可能产生的生物地球化学响应．初步结果显示，工业革命前至2100年，南沙海域的CaCO3饱和度将下降43％左右，从而将引起珊瑚礁的平均钙化速率减少33％．如果未来大气CO2浓度继续保持目前的上升趋势，南沙海域珊瑚礁可能会停止生长，甚至某些造礁生物面，临灭绝的危险．     

大亚湾核电站运前和运转后大鹏澳海区的二氧化碳体系

根据大亚湾核电站运输运转后对大鹏澳海区春，夏，秋，冬4季的现场调查，通过测定pH和碱度计算了大鹏澳海区二氧化碳体系各组分浓度，并比较了核电站运转前和运转后的差别，对核电站运转前和运转后的∑CO2，HCO3^-,CO^2-3和CO2与水温，盐度以及与DO和Chla的相互关系作了讨论和比较。     

The sensitivity of ECHAM4/ML to a double CO2 scenario for the Late Miocene and the comparison to terrestrial proxy data

For the Tortonian, Steppuhn et al. [Steppuhn, A., Micheels, A., Geiger, G., Mosbrugger, V., 2006. Reconstructing the Late Miocene climate and oceanic heat flux using the AGCM ECHAM4 coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model with adjusted flux correction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238, 399–423] perform a model simulation which considers a generally lower palaeorography, a weaker ocean heat transport and an atmospheric CO₂ concentration of 353 ppm. The Tortonian simulation of Steppuhn et al. [Steppuhn, A., Micheels, A., Geiger, G., Mosbrugger, V., 2006. Reconstructing the Late Miocene climate and oceanic heat flux using the AGCM ECHAM4 coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model with adjusted flux correction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238, 399–423] demonstrates some realistic trends: the high latitudes are warmer than today and the meridional temperature gradient is reduced. However, the Tortonian run also indicates some insufficiencies such as too cool mid-latitudes which can be due to an underestimated pCO₂ in the atmosphere. As a sensitivity study, we perform a further model experiment for which we additionally increase the atmospheric carbon dioxide (700 ppm). According to this CO₂ sensitivity experiment, we find a global warming and a globally more intense water cycle as compared to the previous Tortonian run. Particularly the high latitudes are warmer in the Tortonian CO₂ sensitivity run which leads to a lower amount of Arctic sea ice and a reduced equator-to-pole temperature difference. Our Tortonian CO₂ sensitivity study basically agrees with results from recent climate model experiments which consider an increase of CO₂ during the next century (e.g. [Cubasch, U., Meehl, G.A., Boer, G.J., Stouffer, R.J., Dix, M., Noda, A., Senior, C.A., Raper, S., Yap, K.S., 2001. Projections of Future Climate Change. In: Houghton, J.T., Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, C.A. Johnson (eds.), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 525–582]) suggesting that the climatic response on a higher atmospheric CO₂ concentration is almost independent from the different settings of boundary conditions (Tortonian versus today). To validate the Tortonian model simulations, we perform a quantitative comparison with terrestrial proxy data. This comparison demonstrates that the Tortonian CO₂ sensitivity experiment tends to be more realistic than the previous Tortonian simulation by Steppuhn et al. [Steppuhn, A., Micheels, A., Geiger, G., Mosbrugger, V., 2006. Reconstructing the Late Miocene climate and oceanic heat flux using the AGCM ECHAM4 coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model with adjusted flux correction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238, 399–423]. However, a high carbon dioxide concentration of 700 ppm is questionable for the Late Miocene, and it cannot explain shortcomings of our Tortonian run with ‘normal’ CO₂. In order to fully understand the Late Miocene climate, further model experiments should also consider the palaeovegetation.     

济宁煤田煤中氯的分布、赋存及富集因素研究

氯是煤中普遍存在的一种元素, 氯的含量与分布影响着煤的加工与利用.通过对济宁煤田各主要可采煤层中氯含量的分析可知, 研究区属低氯煤层, 氯含量的高低及分布与煤层空间位置、成煤植物、沉积环境和地下水活动等因素有着重要的关系.同时, 对氯在煤中的赋存状态进行了研究, 通过氯与有机显微组分、灰产率等指标的相关性计算, 得出研究区煤中的氯与有机显微组分成正比, 与灰产率成反比, 说明氯主要存在于煤的有机质中, 并且主要是存在于镜质组分的微孔隙中.      

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷煤层气成因类型及勘探方向

低煤阶煤层气地球化学特征及成因判识是勘探选区重要基础。通过解剖煤层气井气、水组成及其碳、氢同位素特 征,探讨了二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷煤层气成因。结果表明：煤层气组分中甲烷占93.41%,重烃及二氧化碳含量低,为典 型干气;甲烷碳同位素(δ13C)值介于-62.5‰~-60.1‰之间、氢同位素(δD)值介于-275.1‰~-270.2‰之间、二氧化碳碳的同位 素(δ13C)值介于5.1‰~6.2‰之间,反映其为生物成因气。煤层水来源于大气降水,呈弱碱性、较低矿化度。煤层气井气、水 氢同位素特征表明研究区97%左右生物成因气形成于二氧化碳还原机制。生物气藏是吉尔嘎朗图凹陷重要煤层气勘探方 向,适宜地下水环境是勘探选区关键因素。     

咸淡水界面位置确定的综合方法(TEcG)及其应用

准确确定咸淡水界面位置是评价咸水入侵范围的前提。对于咸淡水界面位置的确定,传统研究以水化学法和物探法为主。为克服单一使用传统方法造成的人力、物力和财力的大量浪费,以莱州湾西南岸广饶县小清河以南咸水入侵区为研究对象,在综合分析研究区地下水开采现状、水化学监测结果的基础上,选择3个典型断面,采用水化学法中的野外现场电导率法,快速判断咸淡水界面大致位置（某两眼监测井之间）;再在一咸一淡的两眼监测井之间,采用高密度电阻率法快速、准确地确定咸淡水界面的空间分布。结果表明：该地区的地下水电导率若大于1.61 mS/cm,即可认为此处受到咸水入侵;咸淡水界面位置的视电阻率特征值为11~13 Ω·m,咸淡水界面附近咸水体呈舌状入侵并主要发生在地表以下13 m内的浅层地下水中。     

中国岩石风化作用所致的碳汇能力估算

岩石的风化作用同时参与了短时间尺度和长时间尺度的全球碳循环 ,对碳酸盐岩而言 ,它的风化作用在短时间尺度上对大气二氧化碳循环具有重要影响 ,但在长时间尺度上不产生净碳汇 ;而硅酸盐岩等其他类型岩石的风化过程由于反应速率较慢 ,在短时间尺度上对全球碳循环及其变化反应不灵敏 ,但它所产生的净碳汇是遗漏汇的组成之一 .为了准确估计我国岩石风化所致的碳汇能力 ,简要评价了现有的各种模型和方法 ,并基于GEM -CO2 模型进行了计算 .计算结果表明 ,我国岩石每年因溶蚀、风化作用共消耗的CO2 约为 4 .72× 10 7t,折合成C为 1.4 1× 10 7t,其中由碳酸盐类岩石风化消耗的碳量最多 ,约为 0 .74× 10 7t/a ,占总量的 5 2 .6 5 % .硅酸盐岩及其他类型岩石风化消耗的碳量约为 0 .6 7× 10 7t/a ,占总量的 4 7.35 % .岩石风化所致碳汇能力的空间分布首先取决于岩石类型 ,其次受地区的气候条件控制 .     

中国二氧化碳排放源现状分析

通过对20世纪90年代中国几个主要温室气体研究项目中关于二氧化碳(CO2)排放源研究结果的综合分析,结合最新资料,对1990年的中国CO2排放源进行了收集和完善,对1994年中国CO2排放源重新做了计算.其中,工业生产过程的CO2排放,在以前的研究中仅仅计算了水泥一项,本研究中我们增加了石灰、钢铁、电解铝三项,力求使结果更接近实际情况.结果表明,1990年和1994年中国CO2矿物燃料燃烧和工业过程总排放分别为2218.9×106t(合605.1×106t碳)和2787.8×106t(合760.3×106t碳),分别占当年全球CO2总排放的10.2%和12.7%.能源和工业生产活动的CO2排放均有不同程度的增长.矿物燃料燃烧是中国CO2的最大排放源,占总排放的90%以上.对CO2排放源的不确定性分析表明,中国CO2排放存在大于10%的减排潜力.