盐湖硼、锂、锶、氯同位素地球化学研究进展

盐湖作为盐矿资源的重要载体和富集区,探讨其矿物质来源及富集规律,不仅为盐湖的形成、演化及成盐成矿规律研究奠定了基础,也为盐湖资源评价及合理的开发利用提供了科学依据,具有重要的理论和现实意义。近年来,随着同位素地球化学的发展,同位素在盐湖领域的研究成果也日益丰富,使盐湖研究的深度和广度也得到快速发展。文章简要概述了硼、锂、锶、氯同位素的分馏机理及其在盐湖研究领域的发展历程,重点介绍了国内外取得的主要成果和最新进展,探讨了存在的问题,以促进硼、锂、锶、氯同位素地球化学研究在中国盐湖领域的进一步发展。     

紫外/氯工艺对水中微囊藻毒素的去除

水体富营养化导致藻类的爆发进而引起藻毒素的释放。微囊藻毒素(MCLR)是最为常见的藻毒素,具有很强的毒性,对人类健康具有潜在危害。本文采用紫外/氯组合工艺,研究其对水中微囊藻毒素的控制效果。结果表明：紫外/氯共同作用下能够产生·Cl、·OH等活性自由基,具有协同降解MCLR的作用,30 min即可实现MCLR的完全去除,其降解效率随着氯投加质量浓度的增加而升高。在酸性及中性条件下,pH的变化对紫外/氯降解MCLR没有影响;在碱性条件下,MCLR的降解效率随pH的升高显著降低,pH升高至9时,30 min MCLR的降解效率仅为41.3%。此外,不同的水样来源和水质特点对紫外/氯联合降解MCLR的效率具有显著影响,纯水、西湖水及水厂滤后水的30 min去除率分别为99.5%,40.2%及63.3%。MCLR 的降解效率随腐殖酸质量浓度增大而降低,在60 min作用时间内,不含腐殖酸水样的MCLR去除率高达99.5%,当腐殖酸质量浓度增加到10 mg/L时,MCLR去除率仅为45.3%。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定石灰岩白云岩中的氯和硫

采用粉末压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定石灰岩、白云岩中的氯和硫。对多个标准样品SKα特征谱线进行角度扫描,发现各谱线峰2θ值相差不大,同时标准样品数据点线性关系较好,表明矿物效应影响不大,可以使用粉末压片法制备样片。氯和硫的方法相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)分别为6.48%和1.03%,采用国家一级标准物质验证,测定结果与认定值基本相符。     

A Pulsed Laser Photolysis-Resonance Fluorescence Kinetic Study of the Atmospheric Cl Atom-Initiated Oxidation of Propene and a Series of 3-Halopropenes at Room Temperature

Absolute rate coefficient measurements have been carried out for the reactions of Cl atoms with propene and a series of 3-halopropenes, at room temperature (298 ± 2) K using a newly constructed laser photolysis-resonance fluorescence (PLP-RF) system. The rate coefficients obtained (in units of cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1) are: propene (1.40± 0.24) ×10^–10, 3-fluoropropene (4.92 ± 0.42) ×10^–11, 3-chloropropene (7.47 ± 1.50) × 10^–11, 3-bromopropene (1.23± 0.14) ×10^–10 and 3-iodopropene (1.29± 0.15) ×10^–10. In order to test this new system, the reactions of Cl atoms with acetone and isoprene have also been studied and compared with data previously reported. The rate coefficients determined at room temperature for these last two reactions are (2.93 ± 0.20) ×10^–12 cm³ molecule^–1 s^{– 1} and (3.64± 0.20)×10^–10 cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1, respectively. The measured values were independent of pressure over the range 20–200 Torr. The influence of the different halogen atoms substituents on the reactivity of these alkenes with Cl atoms as well as the atmospheric implications of these measurements are studied and discussed for the first time in this work and compared with the reactivity with NO₃ and OH radicals.     

Partitioning Between Chlorine Reservoir Species Deduced from Observations in the Arctic Winter Stratosphere

Simultaneous observations of several chlorine source gases, as well asHCl and ClO, have been performed in the Arctic stratosphere on 1 and 9February 1994, using balloon-borne instrumentation as a contribution toSESAME (Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid latitude Experiment).The observed mixing ratios of HCl and N₂O show a clearanticorrelation. No severe loss of HCl was observed inside the vortex duringour measurement. These measurements showed that during this period at 20 kmand above, HCl was either in excess, or at least as abundant, asClONO₂ and comprised between 50 and 70% of theavailable chlorine, Cl_y. On 1 February, measurements were madeinside the polar vortex. The air mass sampled on this day showed a clearsignature of diabatic descent, and also enhanced levels of ClO with amaximum of 230 pptv at 22.5 km. A 10 day backward trajectory analysis showedthat these air masses had passed a large region of low temperatures a fewhours prior to the measurement. Temperatures along the back trajectory atthe 475 K and 550 K levels (20.1 and 23.7 km respectively) were cold enoughfor heterogeneous chlorine activation to occur, in agreement with theobserved elevated ClO mixing ratios.     

矿物包裹体中液相成分氯离子的测定方法研究

研究了矿物包裹体中液相样品的制备及其成分中氯离子的测定方法。实验证明以均二苯卡巴肼为络合剂,以硝酸汞为滴定液测定痕量氯离子结果理想,其结果对研究矿床形成过程中的物理化学环境具有一定意义。     

Reactions of Cl Atoms with Selected VOCs: Kinetics, Products and Mechanisms

The reactions of isoprene, MBO (2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol) and toluene with chlorine atoms have been studied at 298 ± 5 K and 740 ± 5 Torr with the use of FTIR spectroscopy. Major products of the isoprene-Cl reaction and of the MBO-Cl reaction have been identified and quantified, and reaction mechanisms have been tentatively proposed in order to explain the products formed. The reaction between isoprene and Cl atoms yields mainly HCl, formyl chloride, formic acid, methylglyoxal (pyruvic aldehyde), CO and CO2, while the MBO-Cl reaction forms acetone, HCl, formyl chloride, formic acid, CO, CO2. As products from the reaction between toluene and Cl we identified and quantified HCl and benzaldehyde. The rate constants for the reactions of isoprene and toluene with Cl atoms have also been determined using a relative rate method. The measured values are: kisoprene = (5.5 ± 1.0) × 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and ktoluene = (5.6 ± 1.3) × 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1. Atmospheric lifetimes have been estimated from these values.     

文蛤净化技术的研究

本文探讨了用食品级二氧化氯消毒海水净化文蛤,通过L9(33)的3次重复正交试验,以菌落总数的杀菌率为指标,摸索出用4倍的消毒海水[二氯化氯浓度10×10-6(m m)]在充氧状态下净化文蛤,8h换水1次,净化时间共24h的净化工艺.该工艺经中试能使文蛤肠道的细菌总数杀菌率达到70%～93%,大肠菌群的杀菌率达99%左右,卫生指标达到SC T3013 2002和GB2744 1996的规定.研究表明其净化时间必须随着文蛤污染度的增加而延长.同时进行余氯的定性和定量检测,证明净化文蛤未检出余氯的残留.     

电厂冷却水余氯对海洋环境影响的探讨

根据室内实验和对广东某电厂的现场测试,探讨该电厂冷却水经氯化处理后,海水中余氯的衰减特征和余氯对水环境的影响。研究表明,余氯衰减很快,其对外环境的影响很小。     

有效氯对波吉卵囊藻生理活性的影响

波吉卵囊藻Oocystis borgei是集约化对虾养殖系统中常见的一种优良微藻，能改善养殖水质，增强对虾的抗病能力。本文通过累积培养方法，研究了对虾养殖中常用含氯消毒剂对波吉卵囊藻的种群生长和代谢的影响。结果表明：含氯消毒剂对微藻种群生长有显著影响。有效氯浓度为0．5mg/L时，波吉卵囊藻的生理活性轻微下降：有效氯浓度为2．5mg/L时，引起波吉卵囊藻死亡，其叶绿素含量、藻体干重、光合作用和呼吸作用分别下降了64．72％，13．69％，38．95％和10．38％。且随浓度增加，毒性越大。用浓度小于0．5mg/L的有效氯来防治对虾疾病，不会破环以波吉卵囊为优势种群的微藻生态环境。