MIPAS-Transall Observations of the Variability of CLONO2 during the Arctic Winter of 1994/95

In the winter of 1994/95 the German Transall research aircraft performed 5 campaigns in the European Arctic with 22 flights altogether. An extensive dataset of HNO3, ClONO2 and O3 column amounts was obtained by MIPAS-FT (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding - Flugzeug Transall) onboard the aircraft. In this paper we present the variability of the ClONO2 reservoir gas in the course of the winter. We include groundbased FTIR measurements of HF, HCl and ClONO2 to discuss the airborne observations with regard to the partitioning of inorganic chlorine.From mid-December until the end of January, MIPAS measured a stable ClONO2 collar with constantly low column amounts inside the polar vortex and maxima at the edge. This observation reflected widespread conversion of ClONO2 to reactive chlorine inside the vortex for at least six weeks. In good accordance, the ground stations measured low in-vortex HCl and ClONO2 column amounts and conversion of HCl into ClONO2 in the region of the ClONO2 maxima. In the first week of February the ClONO2 amounts started to increase in the edge region as well as inside the vortex. Between March 21 and 27, just one week after the last cold period, MIPAS observed exclusively high ClONO2 column amounts inside the vortex, indicating fast deactivation of active chlorine. In the same period the ground stations measured an excess of ClONO2 over HCl. Further, the high ClONO2 implies that the polar vortex was renoxified in March. Lower ClONO2 values, observed inside the vortex on the flights of April 5 and 8, and an increased HCl/ClONO2 ratio, measured from ground, marked the starting redistribution within the chlorine reservoir species to the photochemically more stable HCl.In February, March and April, MIPAS observed mixing of ClONO2-rich air masses with midlatitude air at the vortex edge. A very clear event happened on March 27. On this flight a distinct ClONO2 minimum was measured at the vortex edge, which was closely correlated with a filament of midlatitude air observed by OLEX (Ozone Lidar EXperiment) onboard the Transall.     

柴达木盆地氯同位素组成特征

采用正热电离高精度测定Ｃｌ同位素的方法对我国柴达木盆地水体及盐类沉积的Ｃｌ同位素组成进行了精确测定，结果表明，柴达木盆地Ｃｌ同位素组成存在着明显的变化。各种水体的平均δ＾３７Ｃｌ值顺序为：河水（０．９４‰）〉咸水湖水（－０．２‰）〉油田水（－０．６２‰）〉盐湖卤水（－０．９７‰）。卤水具有低的δ＾３７Ｃｌ值，这是盐湖卤水蒸发析盐的结果。盐湖卤水与共存盐类矿物间的分馏系数为１．０００１－１．００２１     

Effect of monochloramine on isolated fulvic acid

Monochloramine is interesting both as a selective oxidant of fulvic acid and as a drinking water disinfectant. In this study, the controlled reaction of aquatic fulvic acid with monochloramine did not result in products detectable by ether extraction-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection techniques. Evidence of a reaction was shown by bleaching of the fulvic acid solution (decreased absorbance at 465 nm) and chlorine substitution. Chlorine-containing products were quantified by the total carbon adsorbable organic halide (TOX) parameter. Bleaching and organic chlorine formation were much less extensive than in the reaction of free chlorine with fulvic acid. Monochloramine was shown to produce an organic chlorine fraction more hydrophilic and with higher molecular size than that produced by chlorine and fulvic acid. Results suggest that monochloramine may be useful tool for the investigation of certain humic functionalities because it reacts rather selectively and to a small extent with aquatic fulvic acid.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定地质样品中的氯和硫

使用粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法测定地质样品中的Cl和S，探讨了样品放置时间、环境以及建立真空的时间对测量结果的影响。Cl的精密度(RSD，n=6)小于10％，S的精密度(RSD，n=6)小于5％。Cl和S的方法检出限分别为14和11μg／g，采用国家标准物质分析验证方法，其结果与标准值相符。     

气化—离子色谱法测定岩石中的氯

氯的化学性质活泼,在酸性介质中具有挥发性,由碱性物质吸收,样品在密封的气化吸收器中经处理后用离子色说测定,无污染,操作简单,精度与准确度高,该法用于多种样品的分析,获得较满意的结果。     

稳定氯同位素地球化学研究进展

地球卤素元素含量相对稀少,相对而言氯为最常见的卤素元素。氯是一种挥发性元素,具有强烈的亲水性。自然界氯两个稳定同位素³⁵Cl和³⁷Cl,其相对丰度分别为75.76%和24.24%。文章综述了氯在各个地质储库的特征、稳定氯同位素分馏的控制因素以及氯同位素的地质应用三大方面的研究进展。地球主要储库中蒸发岩、海水、岩浆岩、沉积物、变质岩、地幔的氯同位素组成分别为-0.5‰~+0.8‰、0.00±0.05‰、-1.12‰~+0.79‰、-3.0‰~+2.0‰、-3.6‰~0、-1.9‰~+7.2‰。地外(月球、火星及其他小行星4-Vesta)氯同位素组成变化范围分别为-4‰~+81.1‰、-5.6‰~+8.6‰、-3.8‰~+7.7‰。相对地球上氯同位素(δ³⁷Cl)的变化范围(-14‰~+16‰),月球和火星δ³⁷Cl的变化范围可达-5.6‰~+81‰,表明挥发分氯在地内和地外迁移循环过程中有显著不同同位素分馏主控机制。已经探明氯同位素分馏受控于物理过程(如扩散、离子过滤、沉淀溶解作用、火山作用)和化学作用(如水岩作用、变质作用,尤其是蛇纹石化作用)等。扩散作用、淋滤作用和火山作用富集重同位素,沉淀作用结晶盐δ³⁷Cl先减小后上升,而蛇纹石化过程中多种因素共同影响。与其他指标结合,氯同位素地球化学可用于有效指示钾盐矿床远景区,评估示踪地下水的来源和演化路径、示踪污染物源区和量化生物修复、探究矿化流体来源、指示行星演化岩浆海洋脱气等过程。     

余氯排海浓度预测及渔业损失计算

在潮流数值模拟的基础上,建立余氯的二维输运-扩散模型.并将模型应用于胶南发电厂温排水工程,预测了胶南发电厂温排水中余氯排海后在海洋中的浓度分布,并计算其造成的渔业损失量,为我国以自然水为冷却用水的企业确定水体加氯浓度和制定冷却水余氯排放标准提供科学依据,并为电厂的渔业资源补偿提供参考.     

氯盐溶液的拉曼光谱特征及测试探讨

常温下氯盐溶液水的拉曼包络线歪斜度受氯离子浓度和阳离子的影响,水拉曼包络线歪斜度很难准确评价复杂流体中的氯离子浓度,在-170℃下氯盐溶液的拉曼光谱研究表明,H2O和nCl-[H OH-]n的拉曼光谱峰能很好地分解并明显地显示,其中nCl-[H OH-]n的拉曼峰与H2O的拉曼峰比值与氯盐的浓度呈正相关,用nCl-[H OH-]n的拉曼特征峰强度(I3401～3413.18cm-1)与H2O的拉曼特征峰强度(I3088～3106cm-1)比值(InCl-[H -OH-]n/IH2O)为纵座标,作相关图,二者的相关性较好,可以应用于溶液中氯离子摩尔浓度测定。     

煤中氯赋存形态的试验研究

采用艾氏卡熔样—硫氰酸钾滴定法,对我国41个煤中氯的含量进行测定,并研究了煤中氯含量与挥发分、固定碳、灰分以及碱金属的关系。结果表明,我国煤中氯含量普遍较低,一般为0.1%~0.2%;煤中氯含量与煤的煤化程度有明显关系,煤的变质程度越高,煤中氯的含量越少。煤中氯含量与煤中水分和氟的含量无关。随着煤中碱金属含量的增加,煤中氯含量呈下降趋势,煤中氯与碱金属(Na,K,Ca,Mg)等存在负相关性。煤中氯主要以有机形式存在。      

环境示踪剂（3H、Cl）在干旱半干旱区地下水补给研究中的应用

地下水补给资源估算是地下水资源可持续开发利用的重要依据,传统地下水资源评价工作往往是采取水均衡法或达西定律等评价地下水补给资源,很少采用环境示踪剂方法。环境示踪剂在地下水补给研究中具有重要价值,特别是在干旱半干旱地区是一种非常简单可靠的评价方法。本文介绍了两种常见的环境示踪剂（3H、Cl）方法氚峰法和氯质量平衡法的基本原理及其在地下水补给研究中的主要应用,其中氯质量平衡法不仅可以估算地下水的补给量,而且可以研究植被覆盖变化对地下水补给影响和示踪地下水补给历史及气候变化。