The Tiger Sulfide Chimney,Yonaguni Knoll IV Hydrothermal Field,Southern Okinawa Trough,Japan: The First Reported Occurrence of Pt–Cu–Fe‐Bearing Bismuthinite and Sn‐Bearing Chalcopyrite in an Active Seafloor Hydrothermal System

A sulfide chimney ore sampled from the flank of the active Tiger vent area in the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field, south Okinawa trough, consists of anhydrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and bismuthinite. Electron microprobe analysis indicates that the chalcopyrite contains up to 2.4 wt% Sn, whereas bismuthinite contains up to 1.7 wt% Pt, 0.8 wt% Cu and 0.5 wt% Fe. The Sn‐rich chalcopyrite and Pt–Cu–Fe‐bearing bismuthinite are the first reported occurrence of such minerals in an active submarine hydrothermal system. The results confirm that Sn enters the chalcopyrite as a solid solution towards stannite by the coupled substitution of Sn⁴⁺Fe²⁺ for Fe³⁺Fe³⁺, whereas Pt, Cu and Fe enter the bismuthinite structure as a solid solution during rapid nucleation. The fluid inclusions homogenization temperatures in anhydrite (220–310°C) and measured end‐member temperature of the vent fluids on‐site (325°C) indicate that Sn‐bearing chalcopyrite and Pt–Cu–Fe‐bearing bismuthinite express the original composition of the minerals that precipitated as metastable phases at a temperature above 300°C. The result observed in this study implies that sulfides in ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits have similar trace element distribution during nucleation but it is remobilised during diagenesis, metamorphism or supergene enrichment processes.     

防止烟囱、水塔爆破倾倒时后座现象的技术

引起烟囱水塔等细高型建筑物爆破损倒时的后座现象的两大因素，即爆破切口长度和切口形状。并在控爆实践中提出有效防止后座现象的确定方法和计算公式。     

World's largest known Precambrian fossil black smoker chimneys and associated microbial vent communities, North China: Implications for early life

Black smoker chimneys and biological vent communities have been identified at many sites on the deep seafloor, particularly along oceanic spreading centers. We report the largest and oldest known, microbe-rich sub-meter-sized black smoker chimneys and mounds from a 1.43 billion-year old sulfide deposit in a continental graben in northern China. These chimneys are especially well preserved, with characteristic morphology, internal textures and internal cylindrical mineralogical zonation. Four main types of chimneys are distinguished on textural and mineralogical criteria, exhibiting either Zn–Fe-sulfide or Pb–Zn–Fe-sulfide internal cylindrical mineralogical zones. The chimneys mark vent sites in submarine grabens indicating focused flow-venting processes. The fossil chimneys have mineralogical and geological evolutionary features similar to their counterparts on the modern seafloor and other submarine hydrothermal vents. Black smoker vent fluids and seafloor tectonism played important roles for formation of the massive sulfide deposits in the Mesoproterozoic.We also report the first known, remarkably diverse assemblage of fossil microbialites from around and inside Precambrian vent chimneys, demonstrating that Proterozoic life flourished around submarine hot vents and deep within the chimney vent passages. Filamentous, spherical, rod, and coccus-shaped fossil microbes are preserved preferentially on sulfide precipitates. Based on the depth and setting of the fossil biota, the organisms that produced the microbialites were likely sulfate-reducing chemosynthetic and thermophyllic microbes. Textural and mineralogical evidence shows that biomineralization processes enhanced chimney growth and sulfide precipitation.Close association of microorganisms with sulfide chimneys in modern deep-sea hydrothermal vents and younger ophiolites has sparked speculation about whether life may have originated at similar vents. However, little is known about fossil equivalents of vent microfossils and black smoker chimneys from Earth's early evolution. The fossilized microorganisms from the Gaobanhe black smoker chimney sulfide deposits include thread-like filaments with branching and twisted forms and preserved organic carbon, representing fossilized remnants of microbial mats metabolized at high temperatures characteristic of venting fluids. The preservation of fossil microorganisms provides evidence that microbial populations were closely associated with black smoker chimneys in Earth's early history. The microbial population clearly constitutes the site for mediating mineral formation. These ancient microbial fossils lead to a much better understanding of early life on the deep seafloor. The discovery of the Mesoproterozoic microfossils within black-smoker hydrothermal chimneys indicates that hydrothermal activity around sea-floor vents supported dense microbial communities, and supports speculation that vent sites may have hosted the origin of life.     

龟山岛附近海底热液自然硫烟囱体的硫同位素研究

利用稳定同位素质谱仪对龟山岛附近海底热液自然硫烟囱体分层取样的硫同位素分析,获得了自然硫烟囱体的硫同位素特征。结果表明,龟山岛附近海底热液自然硫烟囱体的δ34S值变化不大,幅宽只有0.913,说明自然硫的来源较为单一,受控因素相对较少。根据硫同位素值的特征,划分出三种类型的烟囱体,它们是由热液流体中的硫同位素值和海水与烟囱体外壁的反应来控制,Ⅰ型烟囱体、Ⅱ型烟囱体的外壁与海水发生化学反应,形成一定量的自然硫沉淀,烟囱体的生长是向内、向外两个角度同时生长;Ⅲ型烟囱体则主要是向内一个角度生长。热液流体中的δ34S值(H2S)随时间的变化是由于海水端元和玄武岩端元不同比例的混合所致。     

Migration and accumulation characteristics of natural gas hydrates in the uplifts and their slope zones in the Qiongdongnan Basin,China

Various factors controlling the accumulation of natural gas hydrates (NGHs) form various enrichment and accumulation modes through organic combination. This study mainly analyzes the geological and geophysical characteristics of the NGHs occurrence in the uplifts and their slope zones within the deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan (QDN) Basin (also referred to as the study area). Furthermore, it investigates the dominant governing factors and models of NGHs migration and accumulation in the study area. The results are as follows. (1) The uplifts and their slope zones in the study area lie in the dominant pressure-relief direction of fluids in central hydrocarbon-rich sags in the area, which provide sufficient gas sources for the NGHs accumulation and enrichment through pathways such as gas chimneys and faults. (2) The top and flanks of gas chimneys below the bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) show high-amplitude seismic reflections and pronounced transverse charging of free gas, indicating the occurrence of a large amount of gas accumulation at the heights of the uplifts. (3) Chimneys, faults, and high-porosity and high-permeability strata, which connect the gas hydrate temperature-pressure stability zones (GHSZs) with thermogenic gas and biogenic gas, form the main hydrate migration system. (4) The reservoir system in the study area comprises sedimentary interlayers consisting of mass transport deposits (MTDs) and turbidites. In addition, the reservoir system has developed fissure- and pore-filling types of hydrates in the pathways. The above well-matched controlling factors of hydrate accumulation enable the uplifts and their slope zones in the study area to become the favorable targets of NGHs exploration.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Polygonal Faults in Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

Based on high-resolution 3D seismic data,we document the polygonal faults within the Miocene Meishan (梅山) Formation and Huangliu (黄流) Formation of the Qiongdongnan (琼东南)basin,northern South China Sea.Within the seismic section and time coherent slice,densely distributed extensional faults with small throw and polygonal shape were identified in map view.The orientation of the polygonal faults is almost isotropic,indicating a non-tectonic origin.The deformation is clearly layer-bounded,with horizontal extension of 11.2% to 16%,and 13.2% on average.The distribution of polygonal faults shows a negative correlation with that of gas chimneys.The development of polygonal faults may be triggered by over-pressure pore fluid which is restricted in the fine-grained sediments of bathyal facies when the sediments is compacted by the burden above.The polygonal faults developed to balance the volumetric contraction and restricted extension.The product of hydrocarbon in the Meishan Formation may have contributed to the development of the polygonal faults.In the study area,it was thought that the petroleum system of the Neogene post-rift sequence is disadvantageous because of poor migration pathway.However,the discovery of polygonal faults In the Miocene strata,which may play an important role on the fluid migra-tion,may change this view.A new model of the petroleum system for the study area is proposed.     

Gas hydrate accumulations related to focused fluid flow in the Pegasus Basin,southern Hikurangi Margin,New Zealand

The Hikurangi Margin, east of the North Island of New Zealand, is known to contain significant deposits of gas hydrates. This has been demonstrated by several multidisciplinary studies in the area since 2005. These studies indicate that hydrates in the region are primarily located beneath thrust ridges that enable focused fluid flow, and that the hydrates are associated with free gas. In 2009–2010, a seismic dataset consisting of 2766 km of 2D seismic data was collected in the undrilled Pegasus Basin, which has been accumulating sediments since the early Cretaceous. Bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) are abundant in the data, and they are accompanied by other features that indicate the presence of free gas and concentrated accumulations of gas hydrate. We present results from a detailed qualitative analysis of the data that has made use of automated high-density velocity analysis to highlight features related to the hydrate system in the Pegasus Basin. Two scenarios are presented that constitute contrasting mechanisms for gas-charged fluids to breach the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. The first mechanism is the vertical migration of fluids across layers, where flow pathways do not appear to be influenced by stratigraphic layers or geological structures. The second mechanism is non-vertical fluid migration that follows specific strata that crosscut the BSR. One of the most intriguing features observed is a presumed gas chimney within the regional gas hydrate stability zone that is surrounded by a triangular (in 2D) region of low reflectivity, approximately 8 km wide, interpreted to be the result of acoustic blanking. This chimney structure is cored by a ∼200-m-wide low-velocity zone (interpreted to contain free gas) flanked by high-velocity bands that are 200–400 m wide (interpreted to contain concentrated hydrate deposits).     

高温冻土区新型复合护坡降温机制研究

遮阳板碎石复合护坡是一种集碎石护坡和遮阳板护坡双重效用于一体的新型复合护坡结构,是一种很好的治理高温冻土区块碎石护坡路基病害的补强措施。基于遮阳板和块碎石单个工程措施降温机制的研究,通过对这种新型复合护坡路基的温度场和速度场特征以及降温过程的研究,提出新型复合护坡路基的降温机制。研究发现,封闭新型复合护坡的主要降温机制是：复合护坡中遮阳板有遮阳和挡风雪作用,碎石层有“热半导体”效应和“热屏蔽效应”（屏蔽遮阳板的二次辐射）;开放新型复合护坡的主要降温机制是：遮阳板有遮阳、挡风雪作用,碎石护坡有 “热屏蔽效应”（屏蔽热风和二次辐射）和“烟囱效应”,遮阳板和碎石护坡组合的通道有“虹吸效应”、“狭管效应”和 “烟囱效应”。研究成果完善和深化了新型复合护坡路基研究基础,而且对遮阳板和块碎石结构在青藏铁路或青藏公路中的应用提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

Seismic characteristics and mechanism of fluid flow structures in the central depression of Qiongdongnan basin,northern margin of South China Sea

ABSTRACT

Understanding fluid flow structures in a rifted basin may enhance our knowledge of their origination and evolution. Through geochemical analysis and seismic interpretation, different fluid flow features are identified in the central depression of Qiongdongnan basin, northern South China Sea. These structures include mud diapir, gas chimney, hydrothermal pipes, faults, blowout pipes, and associated extrusions. Mud diapirs are primarily located on the slope belts, whereas gas chimneys are on the basement highs in the southwest of the study area. Their distribution appears closely controlled by tectonic stress field and overpressure, the later is caused by hydrocarbon generation and compaction disequilibrium. High sediment overloading, weak post-rift tectonic activity, and high average geothermal gradient may contribute to the compaction disequilibrium. The occurrence of gas chimneys on the basement high suggests that lateral transportation and relief of overpressure is a significant factor. Distribution of broad hydrothermal pipes is related with the thinning continental crust and pre-existing boundary faults in the central depression. They are probably attributed to intruded sills dissolution and were caused by hydrothermal fluids vertically. Geochemical data from gas reservoirs analysis indicates that mud diapirs and gas chimneys are critical pathways for thermogenic gases, whereas hydrothermal pipes and part of the faults may act as pathways of both thermogenic and inorganic gases. The blowout pipes mainly occur in the northwestern central depression near the continental slope, where fluid flows ascend gradually from a series of Pliocene-current prograding wedge-formed units with a hydraulic fracture in shallow. Hundreds of seafloor pockmarks and mounds associated with blowout pipes located above the NE-SW elongated Pliocene-Quaternary slope-break belts. These extrusive structures indicate that fluids ascend through blowout pipes and were expelled at the present seabed. Our results indicate that fluid flow structures are probably responsible for fluid activities and must be taken into account when assessing the hydrocarbon potential, geologic hazard, and benthic ecosystem.     

复杂环境下120m高烟囱定向爆破拆除

常州市第一热电厂内需要爆破拆除的一座高120 m的烟囱,其周边存在有热气管道、厂房、通信发射塔、高压线等,爆破区域范围内环境复杂、距离保护目标较近,使得塌落振动及爆破飞石控制困难等。结合烟囱结构特性及现场实际,通过提高爆破切口标高,选择合理的设计方案及参数,采取减震沟、减震土堤、堵截墙等多项针对性安全防护措施,取得了良好的爆破效果。