岱海的"中世纪暖期"

内蒙古岱海沉积物近2200a来Rb/Sr比值、CaCO3和有机碳含量的变化展现了包括中世纪暖期（MWP）及小冰期（LIA）等典型气候事件在内的环境演化过程,总体表现为暖期的沉积物Rb/Sr比值低,冷期的则高：CaCO3和有机碳含量则相反。这里,以单一流域化学风化记录表明我国北方存在明显的中世纪暖期,发生时间约900－1200aB.P..主要环境特征表现为流域化学风化的显著增强（低Rb/Sr比值）、生物生产力逐步提高（高有机碳）、湖泊水位大幅度抬升的湖泊沉积记录,其间经历的化学风化是近两千年内最强的,并且其发生时间与全球其他地区基本一致。     

静水压力取样器冲击头冲击速度的理论与试验研究

介绍了一种用于海底沉积物取样的静水压力取样器,它能依次利用重力势能和静水压力能,将其转换为冲击动能,以冲击形式将取样管插入海底沉积物进行取样。结合既定取样器对其冲击头的冲击速度进行了理论推导,并提出相关经验公式。通过取样器冲击试验,验证了静水压力取样器冲击头冲击速度理论模型的正确性和合理性。在理论推导和实验验证的基础上,对影响取样器冲击头冲击速度三个主要因素进行了探讨,并提出了提高冲击头冲击速度的具体措施。     

Decline of Pseudodiaptomus hessei (Copepoda, Calanoida) in two water bodies located in the Senegal River hydrosystem (West Africa): Hypotheses and perspectives

Pseudodiaptomus hessei is a key species in many water bodies in the Senegal River hydrosystem but it became rare or completely disappeared from two ecosystems (Lake Guiers and Dakar Bango Reservoir; Senegal, West Africa) after major hydrological changes caused by human action, mainly impoundments on the river in 1985, and the opening of a new estuary mouth in 2003. Kâ et al. [Kâ, S., Pagano, M., Ba, N., Bouvy, M., Leboulanger, C., Arfi, R., Thiaw, O.T., Ndour, E.H.M., Corbin, D., Defaye, D., Cuoc, C., Kouassi, E., 2006. Zooplankton distribution related to environmental factors and phytoplankton in a shallow tropical lake (Lake Guiers, Senegal, West Africa). International Review of Hydrobiology 91(5), 389–405] put forward several hypotheses to explain the reasons for this decline: salinity and chemical changes in the water, predation by a cyclopid predator Mesocyclops ogunnus and/or the inhibiting effects of cyanobacteria and/or diatoms (allelopathy). This study assessed these hypotheses by studying the distribution of P. hessei in 13 stations (including the Dakar Bango reservoir and Lake Guiers) in relation to physical, chemical and biological (phyto- and zooplanktons) factors at each station. We produced a distribution pattern for this species in the Senegal River hydrosystem. Rank correlations and principal component analysis showed that P. hessei was not correlated with conductivity but was positively correlated with pH and alkalinity, suggesting chemical effects. The clear association with two filamentous cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Anabaena sp.) did not appear to support the hypothesis of cyanobacteria inhibition but blooming conditions were never encountered during the study. Negative correlation with diatoms (especially with Fragilaria sp.) suggested that aldehyde producing diatoms had a negative effect. Negative correlations with cyclopids such as Mesocyclops supported the hypothesis of cyclopid predation to explain the decline of P. hessei. This study proposes several lines of research for future studies to test these hypotheses.     

700年以来冲绳海槽西南部粘土矿物来源及其对沉积环境的响应

利用X射线衍射（XRD）技术对冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站700年以来的黏土矿物组成以及结晶学特征进行了研究和分析,并对该区的沉积特征、物质来源以及黏土矿物所记录的东亚季风的演化历史进行了探讨。研究发现冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站黏土矿物组合总体是以伊利石（59–77 %,平均含量69 %）和绿泥石（11–17 %,平均含量14 %）为主,而蒙脱石（5–23 %,平均含量12 %）和高岭石含量（2–6 %,平均含量4 %）则相对较低。通过黏土矿物研究对物源进行分析,发现冲绳海槽南部研究站位的黏土矿物中,蒙脱石主要是来自于长江或者东海大陆架的再沉积。伊利石,绿泥石以及高岭石主要来自于台湾河流,尤其是兰阳溪。蒙脱石/（伊利石+绿泥石）比值的大小可以用来指示东亚夏季风的强弱变化。1320 AD以来的黏土矿物组合的变化较好地记录了部分中世纪暖期后期、小冰期以及现代暖期3个时期在百年时间尺度上的气候波动。该指标显示,相对于中世纪暖期后期,东亚季风强度在小冰期（1405–1850 AD）和在现代暖期（1955 AD）均存在明显的减弱,指示该时期台湾东北部-冲绳海槽南部地区处于相对湿润强降雨的气候环境。     

台风“利奇马”对东中国海表层悬浮物浓度变化的影响

台风过程可使海洋悬浮物浓度的分布在短时间内发生极大变化,并影响海洋生态环境以及海洋资源的分布。受台风期间海洋观测数据的限制,台风过程对海洋悬浮物浓度的影响尚不明确。本文利用GOCI （Geostationary Ocean Color Imager,GOCI）卫星遥感数据,以2019年8月台风“利奇马”为例,对其过境前后东中国海表层悬浮物浓度的时空变化进行了定量研究。结果表明,台风“利奇马”对闽浙沿岸的影响程度最大,使悬浮物质量浓度中高值（≥5 mg/L）覆盖面积和浓度平均值分别增大92%和62%,影响持续时间为4 d;对长江口附近海域的影响程度次之,使悬浮物浓度中高值覆盖面积和浓度平均值分别增大19%和17%,影响持续时间为3 d;对苏北浅滩的影响程度最小,悬浮物质量浓度中高值覆盖面积变化不大,但浓度平均值增大了30%,影响持续时间为4 d。研究结果表明卫星遥感数据可以量化台风过程对东中国海表层悬浮物浓度的影响,弥补极端天气条件下无法进行现场观测的不足。     

内蒙古河套地区陈普海子湖泊沉积物粒度特征及其环境意义

对河套地区陈普海子湖泊及其流域不同类型表层沉积物的粒度特征进行了分析,并结合放射性同位素210Pb测年,探讨了湖泊的沉积演变过程。通过主成分分析,对沉积物剖面粒度不同粒级组分含量进行了研究,分析了湖泊沉积物的物质来源,得到两个主控因子F1和F2,它们控制了湖泊沉积物近98.68%的粒度变化特征。研究表明,F1代表了以6.18 μm为众数粒径的次总体,主要受流水作用控制;而F2为以42.75 μm为众数粒径的次总体,主要来源于地表风沙作用。通过粒径-标准偏差方法,提取了湖泊沉积物中不同时期的环境敏感粒度组分,结果表明:在1996AD之前,流水作用所携带的细颗粒(μm)决定了沉积物的粒级特征,在1960-1985AD期间表现出风沙活动强烈;1996AD以来,由于人类开展了大规模的沙荒土地开垦,流沙活动强烈,流域风沙活动所携带的粗颗粒(14.1~224.35 μm)控制了沉积物的粒度组成。     

空心块体水沙动力及泥沙淤积特性研究

空心块体具有良好的阻水和促淤功能,近年来被广泛用于生态修复工程。本文结合水槽试验及Flow-3D数值模拟,分析了开敞型和半封闭型空心块体的阻水效应和泥沙淤积特性。结果表明：空心块体的开孔率对内部水流流速、紊动强度起主导作用,开孔率较小的半开敞型空心块体减速、制紊效果更强;开敞型和半封闭型空心块体近底层悬沙浓度分别增大56%和75%,两者均有利于促进泥沙在块体内部淤积,近底层水流紊动越强,泥沙淤积形态差异越大;空心块体所营造的低流速、泥沙微淤、内外连通的水沙环境是大型底栖生物的生境需求,半封闭型空心块体内部的低紊动水流结构更有利于大型底栖生物的栖息、繁衍。     

南海北部海域表层沉积物底栖有孔虫分布特征及影响因素

有孔虫在海洋环境指示方面具有重要意义,对现代环境中有孔虫的分布及影响因素进行研究有助于利用有孔虫对地质历史时期的沉积环境进行还原。我国南海海域辽阔,南海有孔虫的相关研究很早便有报道。对我国南海北部海域表层沉积物中的底栖有孔虫分布特征进行了描述,研究区以玻璃质壳底栖有孔虫占主导,胶结壳其次,瓷质壳最少。根据底栖有孔虫的分布特征划分了4个底栖有孔虫组合,组合1为Heterolepa subpraecincta - Hanzawaia mantaensis - Rotalinoides gaimardii;组合2为Bulimina marginate - Lagena substriata;组合3为Elphidium advenum - Pararotalia nipponica;组合4 为Recurvoides contortus - Ammodisus cretaceous - Bulimina aculeata。对影响该区域底栖有孔虫分布的环境因素进行了探究,结果表明,温度、盐度、底质类型等对底栖有孔虫的分布均存在一定程度的影响,海流对研究区底栖有孔虫时空分布的影响值得进一步探究。     

The impact of shrimp trawling and associated sediment resuspension in mud dominated, shallow estuaries

To address the relative importance of shrimp trawling on seabed resuspension and bottom characteristics in shallow estuaries, a series of disturbance and monitoring experiments were conducted at a bay bottom mud site (2.5 m depth) in Galveston Bay, Texas in July 1998 and May 1999. Based on pre- and post-trawl sediment profiles of ⁷Be; pore water dissolved oxygen and sulfide concentration; and bulk sediment properties, it was estimated that the trawl rig, including the net, trawl doors, and “tickler chain,” excavate the seabed to a maximum depth of approximately 1.5 cm, with most areas displaying considerably less disturbance. Water column profile data in the turbid plume left by the trawl in these underconsolidated muds (85–90% porosity; <0.25 kPa undrained shear strength) demonstrate that suspended sediment inventories of up to 85–90 mg/cm² are produced immediately behind the trawl net; an order of magnitude higher than pre-trawl inventories and comparable to those observed during a 9–10 m/s wind event at the study site. Plume settling and dispersion caused suspended sediment inventories to return to pre-trawl values about 14 min after trawl passage in two separate experiments, indicating particles re-settle primarily as flocs before they can be widely dispersed by local currents. As a result of the passage of the trawl rig across the seabed, shear strength of the sediment surface showed no significant increase, suggesting that bed armoring is not taking place and the trawled areas will not show an increase in critical shear stress.