Speciation of Chromium in Artificially Contaminated Soil Reference Material GSJ JSO-2 Using XANES and Chemical Extraction Methods

The oxidation states of chromium in GSJ JSO-2 (artificially contaminated soil) and three other geochemical reference materials (GSJ JSO-1, JLS-1 and JMS-1) were observed using X-ray near edge structure (XANES). For comparison, other artificially contaminated soil materials (mimic-JSO-2) were prepared by adding Cr(VI) into JSO-1. Their oxidation states of chromium were determined using XANES. The chromium contents were 1118 μg g^-1 for JSO-2, 1352 μg g^-1 for mimic-JSO-2 and 69-113 μg g^-1 for the other reference materials. Most chromium was present as hexavalent in mimic-JSO-2. No hexavalent species were detected in other samples. These results for chromium oxidation state in JSO-2 and mimic-JSO-2 obtained with XANES resembled those obtained from a chemical extraction method. The present JSO-2 has no trace of Cr(VI), although Cr(VI) was added as a major species during preparation. On the other hand, the content of Cr(VI) obtained in mimic-JSO-2 agreed with the original Cr(VI) content. A time-elapse study showed that Cr(VI) contents in mimic-JSO-2 decreased gradually to 70% of the original abundance during 240-day preservation in dry conditions. Moreover, the abundance of Cr(VI) decreased markedly to 15% after 240 days in the wet mimic-JSO-2 containing 20% m/m of water. These experiments suggested that soil humidity enhanced the reduction of Cr(VI) and that Cr(VI) was reduced even in dry conditions. Consequently, it is reasonable to infer that Cr(VI) doped into JSO-2 was completely reduced to Cr(III) during the preservation period of 5 years. The certification of the long-term stability of the chemical form in reference materials will be much more important in future.     

Degradation of petroleum contaminants in oil

The treatment of diesel-contaminated soil with hydrogen peroxide oxidation is investigated in this paper. The factors influencing reactions such as initial oil content, H2O2 dosage, pH-value, catalyst and so on are studied. The results indicate that it is feasible to remediate diesel-contaminated soil by adding oxidant directly at room temperature because of higher absolute removal content although the degradation efficiency is low for the contaminated soil of 1%, 2% and 5% initial oil content. The more the H2O2 dosage, the better the degradation efficiency; it is economical and efficient to add 4 mL H2O2 to 10 g diesel-contaminated soil （2% or so） directly in-situ chemical oxidation （ICO）. For the contaminated soil of 5% initial oil content, when pH-value is 5-8 and H202 dosage is 20 mL, the removal efficiency reaches more than 96%; when pH-value is 1-3 and volume ratios of H2O2 to Fe^2＋ are 1 ： 1, 2：2, the degradation efficiencies are all very high （i.e., 86%-88% or so）. It can be concluded that the degradation efficiencies are comparative when adding 1 mL or 2 mL H2O2 of Fenton Reagent or adding 4 mL of H2O2 only to 10 g diesel-contaminated soil.     

Using Rock‐Eval 6 pyrolysis for tracking fossil organic carbon in modern environments: implications for the roles of erosion and weathering

This work relates to the debate on the fossil organic carbon (FOC) input in modern environments and its possible implication for the carbon cycle, and suggests the use of Rock‐Eval 6 pyrolysis as a relevant tool for tracking FOC in such environments. Considering that such a delivery is mainly due to supergene processes affecting the continental surface, we studied organic matter in different reservoirs such as bedrocks, alterites, soils and rivers in two experimental catchments at Draix (Alpes de Haute Provence, France). Samples were subjected to geochemical (Rock‐Eval 6 pyrolysis) investigations and artificial bacterial degradations. After comparing the geochemical fingerprint of samples, geochemical markers of FOC were defined and tracked in the different reservoirs. Our results confirm the contribution of FOC in modern soils and rivers and display the various influences of weathering and erosional processes on the fate of FOC during its exchange between these pools. In addition, the contrasting behaviour of these markers upon the supergene processes has also highlighted the refractory or labile characters of the fossil organic matter (FOM). Bedrock to river fluxes, controlled by gully erosion, are characterized by a qualitative and quantitative preservation of FOM. Bedrock to alterite fluxes, governed by chemical weathering, are characterized by FOC mineralization without qualitative changes in deeper alterites. Alterite to soils fluxes, controlled by (bio)chemical weathering, are characterized by strong FOC mineralization and qualitative changes of FOM. Thus weathering and erosional processes induce different FOM evolution and affect the fate of FOC towards the global carbon cycle. In this study, gully erosion would involve maintenance of an ancient sink for the global carbon cycle, while (bio)chemical processes provide a source of CO₂. Finally, this study suggests that Rock‐Eval 6 pyrolysis can be considered as a relevant tool for tracking FOC in modern environments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurements of gas and aerosol for two weeks in northern China during the winter–spring period of 2000, 2001 and 2002

Intensive measurements of gas and aerosol for 2 weeks were carried out at Qingdao (gas and aerosol in 2000, 2001 and 2002), Fenghuangshan (gas and aerosol in 2000 and 2001), and Dalian (aerosol in 2002) in the winter–spring period. High SO₂ episodes were observed on 18 January 2000 at both Qingdao and Fenghuangshan. According to back trajectory calculations and analysis of gaseous species, high SO₂ episodes were caused by local pollution and transport.Nitrate, sulfate and ammonium were the major species in PM_2.5. Mass fractions of NO₃⁻, nss-SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺ at Qingdao in 2002 were 10%, 12% and 5.5% for PM_2.5, respectively, which were higher than that of nss-Ca²⁺ (1%). Chemical compositions observed at Dalian and Fenghuangshan were similar to those at Qingdao. The mass ratio of nss-SO₄²⁻/SO₂ at Qingdao in winter was low (< 1.2), indicating that sulfate was probably produced by the slow oxidation of SO₂ in the gas phase and/or was transported from outside of Qingdao in winter. The equivalent ratio of NH₄⁺ to nss-SO₄²⁻ was 1.39, suggesting that ammonium sulfate was one of the major chemical compositions in PM_2.5. The NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio at Qingdao was higher than that at remote places in East Asia. Gas and aerosol data obtained at Fenghuangshan were similar to data at Qingdao, suggesting that emissions from small cities may have a great influence on pollution in northern China.     

我国煤矿安全问题浅议

我国煤矿频发的矿难已成为我国煤矿安全生产的“老大难”问题，它不停地拷问着我国目前煤矿安全监察的有效性，并由此暴露出了我国目前煤炭行业管理体制中存在的诸多问题，从而敦促我们加快对煤炭行业管理体制及煤炭科学技术领域的研究和投入。     

如何对煤田地勘单位质量管理体系进行审核

分析了煤田地勘行业产品的质量特性，煤田地勘行业的一般工作流程及过程控制的方法，并从识别过程、文件的有效性、采购的合法性、产品要求的评审、项目部的审核五个方面探讨了如何对煤田地勘单位质量管理体系进行审核。     

自动气象站地面温度差值原因分析

基于环境影响评价工作的实际需要,为使环境影响评价工作中污染源强及治理效果的确定更加科学、合理、快捷,开发出了造纸工业污染源强及治理效果数据库。数据库利用VB所编辑而成的前端程序接收用户的输入信息,通过操纵ADO控件进而调用Access的驱动程序,将信息作用于数据库,并反馈给用户。该数据库可以对造纸工业污染源强及治理效果相关内容进行科学的存储、更新、增减、打印输出等操作,并能根据用户的不同需求,对工程的概况、污染物生产情况、治理方法、效果等多项内容进行单条件或组合条件的查询。     

Development of a pulverized fly ash suspension grout

A Greek lignite fly ash was selected because of its hydraulic properties and was pulverized to produce a specific surface of 8300 cm²/g, and a gradation with D₁₅, D₅₀, and D₈₅ equal to 1.3 m, 6 m and 20 m, respectively. The pulverized fly ash suspension properties were optimized by adding a suitable superplasticizer and a suitable accelerator at optimum dosages. The experimental evaluation of suspension properties included sedimentation tests, viscosity'measurements, rheological properties, setting times and development of strength with time. Groutability and effectiveness were evaluated by injecting selected suspensions into clean sands. Pulverization improves remarkably the behavior of fly ash suspensions. Suspensions with water to solids ratios of 1.5:1 and 2:1 by weight and containing additives, behave as Bingham fluids, have apparent viscosity lower than 70 cP, bleed capacity lower than 5%, initial setting time lower than 24 h, and can be injected into relatively coarse sands. These characteristics are comparable to those obtained for ordinary and microfine cement suspensions, showing that pulverized fly ash suspensions can be used for permeation grouting.     

关于8个实验室对银元素分析的考核

国内8个实验室对川滇黔桂相同的76个泛滥平原沉积物样品的76种元素进行了分析测试,目的在于探索更有效的分析质量的评价方案,以便为编制相应的地球化学图优选不同元素的最佳分析方法,利用参考值,样本的统计学参数,相似性,密度分布函数,地球化学场的空间结构和地球化学异常的重合性对Ag元素的分析数据作了评价,不但要求分析数据在绝对值方面有一定的精度,还强调了化探数据的空间属性,要求分析数据的空间分布方面也尽量与理想的地球化学图之间具有一致性。     

中国旅游产业发展中的政府职能定位分析

由于市场经济存在着自身难以克服的缺陷，需要政府进行干预。因而在中国旅游业发展过程中实施政府主导型发展战略是必然的选择，政府对旅游业的干预极大地促进了中国旅游业的发展。但由于旅游相关信息的分散性，使得政府并不能掌握完全信息，政府本身的能力不一定完全符合旅游发展的需要，还有政府本身利益的影响等，都导致了政府在进行旅游行政管理时的局限性，使得其在职能实施时出现了“缺位”与“错位”的现象。唯一的解决办法是找准政府在旅游业发展中的定位，实行积极而有效的政府职能。