Chemical composition of saline and subsaline lakes of the northern Great Plains,western Canada

The northern Great Plains of Canada stretch from the Precambrian Shield near Winnipeg, Manitoba, westward for ∼1,700 km to the Rocky Mountains foothills. This vast region of flat to gently rolling terrain contains a very large number of salt lakes. Major ion chemical data on ∼500 of them are available. Although the average brine (salinity, 37 ppt) is a Na⁺−SO₄ ²⁻ type of water, the lakes exhibit a wide range of salinities and ionic compositions. This diversity is confirmed by Q-mode cluster analysis; it identified thirteen major water chemistry types. Most ions display distinct trends, both spatially and with increasing salinity. All dissolved components increase with increasing salinity, but at different rates. The relative proportions of Ca²⁺ and HCO₃ ⁻+CO₃ ²⁻ ions show a strong decrease with increasing brine salinity, whereas SO₄ ²⁻ ions increase with increasing salinity. The ionic proportions of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ exhibit no significant relationship with salinity. R-mode factor analysis of the lake water chemistry, combined with selected environmental parameters, identifies groundwater composition, climate, and the elevation of the lake within the drainage system as most important in controlling brine chemistry and salinity on a regional basis. Variability in source of ions, reaction processes and products are undoubtedly key factors in helping to explain brine chemistry of an individual basin or variation from a local perspective, but these factors are generally poorly understood and not quantified on a regional basis. Palliser Triangle Global Change Project Contribution Number 3.     

On the distribution of physical and chemical particle properties in the atmospheric aerosol

Consideration of sources and growth dynamics of aerosols has led to the conclusion that there may be a distribution or variation of chemical composition and physical structure among atmospheric aerosol particles as a function of size, and within a narrow size range as well. A mathematical representation of these particle properties in terms of an additional dimension to the number size distribution is described. Examples of the relevance of this aspect of aerosol characterization for physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere are discussed. A review of the available techniques shows that several methods are available which can and have provided quantitative results on the distribution of particle properties. Examples of data from the literature have been selected and are presented as three-dimensional distributions illustrating the wide range of particle properties which may exist in narrow size intervals. An evaluation of these results reiterates the value of taking the distribution of particle properties in the atmosphere into account for sampling and modeling purposes.     

河南省旅游产业与文化产业耦合协调度研究

依据旅游与文化产业耦合协调机理,分别从产业规模、产出水平、接待规模、经济贡献4个方面构建评价指标体系,对河南旅游产业与文化产业发展水平进行综合评价,并根据耦合协调度模型对其耦合协调关系进行分析。结果显示:河南旅游产业与文化产业发展水平均呈上升态势,但文化产业波动相对较大,两大产业发展水平整体仍然较低,文化产业年均增长远低于旅游产业,旅游产业与文化产业耦合协调度整体偏低,且具有明显的波动性和阶段性。今后河南应重视两大产业互动互促,科学规划,创新体制机制,培育人才,科技兴产,广泛宣传,进而实现两大产业协调发展。     

泰山玉的致色因素分析

颜色是珠宝玉石宝石学特征研究的重要一项,是影响宝玉石价值的重要因素。泰山玉有4个颜色系列,对各系列泰山玉致色因素的分析研究具有重大意义。通过化学分析和电子探针测试,查明了泰山玉的主要化学成分,对比分析了化学成分与颜色的关系,最终确定了不同颜色系列泰山玉的致色因素。     

博兴县浅层地下水水化学演化分析研究

通过对比分析博兴县20多年来的浅层地下水水质监测资料,研究总结了该区浅层地下水水化学类型及主要水化学组分的动态演化特征。结果表明,该区大部分地段浅层地下水水化学类型较为稳定,7个长期监测点中仅有2个监测点阳离子或阴离子类型呈现出明显改变,有4个监测点部分水化学组分含量呈现出上升趋势,造成这些变化的原因主要与南部地下水降落漏斗的形成导致北部咸水向南部补给有关。     

我国稀土资源需求结构分析

战略性新兴产业的迅速发展,无论对中国还是对世界经济都具有全局带动和重大引领作用,而稀土当之无愧地成为战略性新兴产业的重要支柱性矿产之一。随着中国稀土产业的不断发展壮大以及政策宏观调控的作用,加之终端消费产业的需求拉动稀土消费,我国的稀土需求一直呈增长态势,而新兴领域的应用的不断开拓,使稀土资源需求结构也发生的很大变化,本文通过分析近年来稀土资源需求变化,为下一步稀土资源管理提出相关政策建议。     

An Innovative Approach to Meteorite Analysis by Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

An innovative approach of double pulse laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (DP‐LIBS) coupled with optical microscopy was applied to the characterisation and quantitative analysis of the Agoudal iron meteorite in bulk sample and in petrographic thin section. Qualitative analysis identified the elements Ca, Co, Fe, Ga, Li and Ni in the thin section and the whole meteorite. Two different methods, calibration‐free LIBS and one‐point calibration LIBS, were used as complementary methodologies for quantitative LIBS analysis. The elemental composition data obtained by LIBS were in good agreement with the compositional analyses obtained by traditional methods generally applied for the analysis of meteorites, such as ICP‐MS and EDS‐SEM. Besides the recognised advantages of LIBS over traditional techniques, including versatility, minimal destructivity, lack of waste production, low operating costs, rapidity of analysis, availability of transportable or portable systems, etc., additional advantages of this technique in the analysis of meteorites are precision and accuracy, sensitivity to low atomic number elements such as Li and the capacity to detect and quantify Co contents that cannot be obtained by EDS‐SEM.     

Laboratory determination of mechanical and hydraulic properties of chemically grouted sands

The purpose of this paper is to investigate mechanical and hydraulic properties of sands treated with mineral-based grouts through the results of a laboratory test programme consisting of unconfined compression tests (UCS), triaxial bender element tests (BeT) and constant flow permeability tests in triaxial apparatus. An improved apparatus was set up for obtaining high quality, multiple grouted specimens from a single column. Two selected natural sands having different grain sizes were grouted with two mineral-based silica grouts, resulting in different levels of improvement. The behaviour of the sands treated by mineral grouts, in terms of strength, initial stiffness and permeability, was compared with that exhibited by more traditional silicate grouts. The results of this study indicate that sands treated with mineral grouts result in higher strengths, higher initial shear modulus and lower permeability values than the sands treated with the silicate solution. The effect of grout type, effective confining pressure, and sand particle-size on small-strain shear modulus of grouted sand specimens was evaluated. Based on test results, the small strain shear modulus increment from treated to untreated specimens has been correlated with the unconfined compressive strength, obtaining a unique relationship regardless of grout type and grain-size of tested sands.     

滇西茅草坪脉状铜矿床电气石的发育特征、成分及其意义

位于滇西兰坪盆地西缘的茅草坪矿床是近年来新发现的一个脉状铜矿床,与该区其他脉状铜矿不同,它发育大量热液电气石。本文对矿床电气石的发育特征和化学成分进行了研究,以此探讨电气石生长和成分的控制因素、成矿流体来源及成矿过程中氧逸度的变化。茅草坪矿床铜矿体由石英-碳酸盐-硫化物脉及伴生的热液蚀变晕组成。电气石可分为两类:较早沉淀的蚀变晕电气石(T1)和较晚沉淀的脉体内电气石(T2)。T1电气石与石英共生,出现在变碎屑岩(T1-Q)和大理岩(T1-M)中,矿物强烈定向生长,长轴平行于围岩的剪切面理,颗粒相对细小,此阶段无含铜硫化物生成;T2电气石伴有黄铜矿生成,矿物长轴多与围岩的剪切面理斜交、呈弱定向生长,或不定向地生长,矿物颗粒相对粗大。由此反映在矿床热液矿化过程中,控制热液矿物生长的构造应力由强剪切到弱剪切及剪切停止的趋势变化。电子探针分析结果表明,所有电气石均属于碱性族,主体为镁电气石。T2电气石在背散射图像下存在明暗环带,与Ti、Fe、Mg含量的差异有关,也反映该期成矿流体的物理化学条件呈波动变化。茅草坪电气石的化学组成主要受流体成分控制,但T1-Q电气石相对富Al,T1-M电气石相对富Ca,表明围岩对蚀变晕电气石成分有一定影响。矿床以镁电气石为主的特征,暗示成矿流体不可能直接来自未经历水-岩相互作用的壳源花岗岩岩浆水。T2电气石较T1电气石具有高的Fe~(3+)/(Fe~(3+)+Fe~(2+))值,表明矿床成矿流体从早期到晚期可能是一个氧逸度升高的过程。结合区域脉状铜矿流体特征、金属组合、围岩和蚀变特征,推测茅草坪矿床及滇西脉状铜矿床迁移Cu的流体可能是CO_2缓冲p H值的还原性流体,在矿化部位流体氧逸度升高很可能是含铜硫化物沉淀的重要机制之一。     

印度地理信息产业发展基础与现状研究

主要从地理信息资源生产管理体制、空间基础设施建设、产业政策3个方面分析了印度地理信息产业发展基础,并对当前印度地理信息产业规模、市场、企业、人才培养以及发展潜力等方面的现状进行了研究,对比我国分析了当前印度地理信息产业发展的优势和存在的制约。