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121.
The analysis of modal and normative composition of sedimentary rocks is widely used for studying their sources and tectonic settings. The normative calculation of the mineral composition of rocks in this study is formulated as a linear programming problem and is solved by means of the simplex method. This enables both simultaneous and successive subtraction of a set of basic minerals from a rock sample represented by its chemical composition {SiO2...LOI}. Such an approach provides a more exact calculation of the contribution of basic minerals in the rock. This mathematical approach is used to study two representative sets of sandstones and fine-grained rocks from a Meso- to Neoproterozoic marginal basin of southeastern Siberia (Uchur–Maya region, Yakutia) and a Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian uplifted continental block in Colorado, USA. The calculated normative mineral compositions of the Siberian sandstones are consistent with the observed modal compositions. These sandstones vary from K- Feldspar rich arkoses at the base of the sequence (the Uchur Group, lower Riphean) to quartz arenites or lithic sandstones and wacke in transgressive successions of the middle-upper Riphean. Arkoses and quartz arenites are dominant in Meso- to Neoproterozoic Siberia. These samples represent craton interior uplifted basement and quartzose, recycled orogen provenance of a stable craton in Rodinia. There are higher but consistent discrepancies between the calculated and observed compositions for the Pennsylvanian to Lower-Permian arkoses and quartz arenites (Sangre de Cristo, Belden, and Maroon Formations). The differences between the predicted and observed mineralogy may be due to uncertainties in the modes in the matrix and cement of the sandstones. This normative program should supplement modal calculations and provide better genetic constructions, especially in case of matrix-rich sandstones. 相似文献
122.
Compositional Geometry and Mass Conservation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert F. Shurtz 《Mathematical Geology》2003,35(8):927-937
A geometrical structure is imposed on compositional data by physical and chemical laws, principally mass conservation. Therefore, statistical or mathematical investigation of possible relations between data values and such laws must be consistent with this structure. This demands that geometrical concepts, such as points that specify both mass and composition in linear space, and lines in projective space that specify composition only, be clearly defined and consistent with mass conservation. Mass thus becomes the norm in composition space in place of the Euclidean norm of ordinary space. Coordinate transformations inconsistent with this geometry are accordingly unnatural and misleading. They are also unnecessary because correlation arising from the constant mass presents no unusual difficulty in the analysis of the underlying quadratic form. 相似文献
123.
Donna L. Whitney Christian Teyssier Annia K. Fayon Michael A. Hamilton Matt Heizler 《Tectonophysics》2003,376(1-2):37-60
Mafic high-pressure granulite, eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths have been collected from a Mesozoic volcaniclastic diatreme in Xinyang, near south margin of the Sino-Korean Craton (SKC). The high-pressure granulite xenoliths are mainly composed of fine-grained granoblasts of Grt+Cpx+Pl+Hbl±Kfs±Q±Ilm with relict porphyritic mineral assemblage of Grt+Cpx±Pl±Rt. P–T estimation indicates that the granoblastic assemblage crystallized at 765–890 °C and 1.25–1.59 GPa, corresponding to crustal depths of ca. 41–52 km with a geotherm of 75–80 mW/m2. Calculated seismic velocities (Vp) of high-pressure granulites range from 7.04 to 7.56 km/s and densities (D) from 3.05 to 3.30 g/cm3. These high-pressure granulite xenoliths have different petrographic and geochemical features from the Archean mafic granulites. Elevated geotherm and petrographic evidence imply that the lithosphere of this craton was thermally disturbed in the Mesozoic prior to eruption of the host diatreme. These samples have sub-alkaline basaltic compositions, equivalent to olivine– and quartz–tholeiite. REE patterns are flat to variably LREE-enriched (LaN/YbN=0.98–9.47) without Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.95–1.11). They possess 48–127 ppm Ni and 2–20 ppm Nb with Nb/U and La/Nb ratios of 13–54 and 0.93–4.75, respectively, suggesting that these high-pressure granulites may be products of mantle-derived magma underplated and contaminated at the base of the lower crust. This study also implies that up to 10 km Mesozoic lowermost crust was delaminated prior to eruption of the Cenozoic basalts on the craton. 相似文献
124.
止水帷幕在高层建筑深基坑中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
某高层建筑基坑西侧紧邻一道河沟,水量较大,采取三重管高压摆喷帷幕止水[1~4],施工完成后通过监测,未发现渗漏、地下水位明显下降和周围建筑物沉降现象。 相似文献
125.
Rivers, chemical weathering and Earth's climate 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Bernard Dupr Cline Dessert Priscia Oliva Yves Goddris Jrme Viers Louis Franois Romain Millot Jrme Gaillardet 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(16):1141-1160
We detail the results of recent studies describing and quantifying the large-scale chemical weathering of the main types of continental silicate rocks: granites and basalts. These studies aim at establishing chemical weathering laws for these two lithologies, describing the dependence of chemical weathering on environmental parameters, such as climate and mechanical erosion. As shown within this contribution, such mathematical laws are of primary importance for numerical models calculating the evolution of the partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 and the Earth climate at geological timescales. The major results can be summarized as follow: (1) weathering of continental basaltic lithologies accounts for about 30% of the total consumption of atmospheric CO2 through weathering of continental silicate rocks. This is related to their high weatherability (about eight times greater than the granite weatherability); (2) a simple weathering law has been established for basaltic lithologies, giving the consumption of atmospheric CO2 as a function of regional continental runoff, and mean annual regional temperature; (3) no such simple weathering law can be proposed for granitic lithologies, since the effect of temperature can only be identified for regions displaying high continental runoff; (4) a general law relating mechanical erosion and chemical weathering has been validated on small and large catchments. The consequences of these major advances on the climatic evolution of the Earth are discussed. Particularly, the impacts of the onset of the Deccan trapps and the Himalayan orogeny on the global carbon cycle are reinvestigated. To cite this article: B. Dupré et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). 相似文献
126.
XU Jiongxin Professor Institute of Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《国际泥沙研究》1997,(3)
LINTRODUCTIONThetributariesofmiddleYellowRiverarefamousintheworldforthehighestsuspendedsedimentconcentrationandsedimentyield.Forexample,atWenjiachuanstationofKuyeheRiverthemeasuredhighestsuspendedconcentrationis1700kg/m',andthemeanannualsedimentyieldis25000t/(kln'.a).Theformationofhyperconcentratedflowsandtheirinfluenceonerosionprocessesareofgreatimportancenotonlyfromatheoreticalpointofviewbutalsoforpracticalpurposes.Therefore,scientistsfromChinaandallovertheworldhavedrawntheirintensio… 相似文献
127.
在河北省怀来县后郝窑地区,对地下气体运移变化的影响因素进行了野外模拟实验研究。选择3个试验点,对地下气体的扩散作用,物理化学影响因素及水压效应等进行了模拟实验,主要研究H2,CO2气体运移变化机制。实验研究表明,H2,CO2气体运移变化机制不尽相同,水压效应对H2,CO2等地下气体运移影响相当明显 相似文献
128.
Disequilibrium for Ca during growth of pelitic garnet 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
Compositional zoning in hundreds of almandine-rich garnets in amphibolite by facies micaceous quartzites from the Picuris Range, north-central New Mexico USA, indicates that although Mn, Mg and Fe achieve chemical equilibrium at hand-sample scale during garnet growth, Ca does not. Instead, Ca concentrations at the surface of growing garnets appear to depend strongly on kinetic factors that govern the local chemical environment, yielding disequilibrium for Ca at scales larger than the region immediately surrounding an individual porphyroblast. Detailed zoning profiles were obtained for 371 garnet crystals in a small volume of a single sample of garnetiferous quartzite, and core analyses were made of 97 additional crystals. Each analysis was made on a section that passed precisely through the morphological centre of the crystal, located by means of 3-D imagery from computed X-ray tomography. The data reveal strong correlations between crystal size and concentrations of Mn, Mg and Fe (but not Ca) in garnet cores; a relationship between crystal size and isolation; rigorous cross-correlations among concentrations of Mn, Mg and Fe (but not Ca); and systematic variations in Ca concentrations as a function of crystal size and core composition that are anomalous in comparison to the behaviour of the other divalent cations. We interpret these observations as the result of thermally accelerated diffusion-controlled garnet growth, in circumstances that promoted rapid intergranular diffusion and thus rock-wide equilibration of Mn, Mg and Fe, but that prevented equilibration at similar scale for Ca because of its more sluggish intergranular diffusion. The anomalous behaviour of Ca is made evident in these garnets by the presence of sharp spikes in Ca concentration, which are demonstrably not a consequence of any simultaneous rock-wide event, such as a change in pressure, temperature, or some other intensive parameter. Instead, Ca concentrations probably reflect the local extent of reaction in the immediate vicinity of each porphyroblast. To the degree that such kinetic factors introduce departures from chemical equilibrium for Ca, thermobarometric estimates that involve grossular contents of pelitic garnet will be in error. 相似文献
129.
榴辉岩中铁铝榴石的测定方法研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
对国内主要矿区铁铝石榴子石纯矿物中铁的价态规律进行了研究。证明其所含Fe均以Fe^2+为主,其质量分数在83-94,并将Fe^2+这特征性成分用于某地榴辉岩中铁铝榴石的间接测定,获得结果与焙烧磁化-磁选法一致且精度好,较磁化法简便,快速。 相似文献
130.
遥感技术获取的可见光、红外及微波信息,可以对化工企业及化学矿山环境污染(水、粉尘、大气、废渣污染等)及环境地质灾害(滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷等)进行实时动态监测,并可获得较高的社会经济效益,达到地面环保及常规环境地质工作难以达到的效果。特别是对重点大中型化工企业及化学矿山建立环境遥感信息动态监测系统,可以为国家决策部门及时准确地提供环境治理和改造的依据。 相似文献