湘东丘陵区4种林地深层土壤溶解性有机碳的数量和光谱特征

选取湘东丘陵4种典型母质发育的林地土壤,挖掘土壤剖面并分层采集土壤样品至母质层/母岩,研究深层土壤有机碳（SOC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）的数量和分布规律,采用紫外-可见光谱技术分析深层土壤DOC的宏观化学结构特征。结果表明,土壤DOC含量（2.33~185.26 mg·kg^-1）在板岩红壤和酸性紫色土剖面上某些深层土层出现升高现象。DOC/SOC除第四纪红土红壤在浅层表土最高（1.5%）外,其他3种土壤均在60~80 cm深层土层达到最高峰值（1.0%~2.5%）。SOC数量是控制不同母质土壤DOC数量的重要因素。但光谱分析显示,随着土壤剖面的加深,DOC的宏观化学组成、结构趋于复杂,化学稳定性升高。尽管一些深层土层中DOC/SOC升高,但其DOC化学结构更为复杂,评价深层土壤SOC和DOC稳定性还应考虑其化学结构特性。     

黔中白云岩同化剖面的铅同位素组成及物源的指示

碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成模式是一个争议的问题,尤其是形成该红土的物质来源争议最大.本文对贵州中部平坝剖面进行了铅同位素的综合分析,结果显示全岩样品的Pb同位素组成显示是以长石矿物为主的"普通铅",下伏三叠纪白云岩样品的n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)为19.29,风化剖面全土样品的n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)约为...     

化学分析方法权利要求撰写技巧

化学分析方法专利作为一种方法专利,其保护本身就不如产品专利的"绝对保护"有效,加之方法的使用多在企业内部进行,侵权认定很是困难。因此权利要求文字撰写的质量,直接关系着专利权人的利益能否得到保障。文章列举了分析方法专利申请在权利要求撰写方面存在的典型问题。对实际案例的技术特征进行划分,解析了分析方法专利侵权认定判定过程中的全面覆盖和等同两大原则与技术特征之间的关系。针对该类专利申请体积、质量参数多,酸碱条件多,加热、升温、冷却过程多,操作步骤多和计算公式多等特点,指出实际案例的独立权利要求和从属权利要求,阐述了专利申请中参数很多的情况下说明书具体实施方式的撰写要求,同时说明了对一种权利要求修改时容易导致超范围的情况。     

硅酸盐岩斜坡水岩化学作用

综合采用现场调查、结构体物理-水理参数的高精度测试及室内试验等研究方法,对硅酸盐岩斜坡的水岩化学作用问题进行了探讨。结果表明,新鲜硅酸盐岩结构体结构致密、孔隙度低、孔隙细小,多属不透水介质。硅酸盐岩斜坡区的水岩化学作用主要发生于非饱和带和水位变动带,地下水多年最低水位以下的饱和带所占份额很小。饱和带内的水岩化学作用只能发生于结构体表面,是一种结构面开度逐渐增大、结构体逐渐变小的缓慢溶解过程。非饱和带及水位变动带水岩化学作用初期的溶解液主要是水气转化的凝结水,所形成的腐岩保留原岩结构、构造和体积,是一种等容转换过程。旱季时,气态水分子扩散到硅酸盐岩结构体表面内侧一定宽度范围内的微孔隙系统之中凝结为液态水并溶蚀造岩矿物;雨季时,入渗降水在结构体表面形成的薄膜水流接受结构体粒间溶液中的溶出组分并将其携入饱水带。当上述过程循环到一定程度时,结构体就会转变为腐岩结构体。覆盖有一定厚度的残坡积土层和植被盖层的硅酸盐岩斜坡有利于水岩化学作用的发生。     

Reconnaissance-style EPMA chemical U–Th–Pb dating of uraninite

EPMA chemical U-Th-Pb uraninite analysis has been used to constrain the age of the granite-related, Rössing South uranium prospect in Namibia and the Kintyre unconformity-related uranium deposit in Western Australia. Uraninite from the Rössing South prospect has an age of 496.1 ± 4.1 Ma, which is similar to the age of other uranium deposits in the region at Rössing and Goanikontes. Uraninite grains analysed from the Kintyre deposit have an age of 837 +35/-31 Ma suggesting that the uranium mineralisation occurred during or after the latest period of sedimentation in the Yeneena Basin during the ca 850 to ca 800 Ma Miles Orogeny.     

石英-钠长石玉的宝石学特征

钠长石玉是常见翡翠仿品之一,常与辉石类矿物共生形成不同组合的玉石品种.本次检测的样品为新的钠长石玉石品种,实验中采用常规珠宝检测设备、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）及X射线能谱仪（EDS）对样品的矿物组合进行分析.结果表明,样品的主要成分为钠长石与石英,白色部分为较纯净的石英,蓝绿色部分为钠长石,由于石英的质量分数超过了一定的范围,因此定名为石英-钠长石玉.在日常检测中,由不同矿物组成的样品检测及定名要加以注意.     

东天山红云滩铁矿床矿物学、矿物化学特征及矿床成因探讨

东天山红云滩铁矿赋存于下石炭统雅满苏组火山碎屑岩地层中.矿体主要呈层状、似层状、透镜状.矿石矿物以大量磁铁矿为主,含少量的磁赤铁矿、镜铁矿、黄铁矿和极少量的黄铜矿等.脉石矿物主要有石榴石、透辉石、阳起石、绿帘石、绿泥石、黑云母、钠长石、石英等.矿石构造以块状构造和浸染状构造为主,局部为条带状构造、脉状构造;矿石结构包括半自形-他形粒状结构、交代结构.围岩蚀变对称分带明显,从矿(化)体到两侧围岩,蚀变呈现从深色到浅色的变化现象.根据矿物共生组合、矿石组构的观察,本次工作识别出矽卡岩期和热液期两个成矿期,进一步细分为4个成矿阶段:矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段(主成矿期)、热液早期阶段及石英-硫化物阶段.电子探针分析表明石榴石端员组分以钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列为主,辉石端员组分以透辉石-钙铁辉石为主,角闪石端员组分主要为阳起石和透闪石,这些特点表明矿区矽卡岩为热液交代钙矽卡岩.磁铁矿的主、微量元素特征表明其形成与矽卡岩密切相关.结合成矿地质特征,认为矽卡岩是由富铁岩浆热液流体沿断裂构造运移、交代下石炭统雅满苏组富钙火山碎屑岩地层而形成的,磁铁矿的形成与矽卡岩的退化变质作用有关.     

Calcium and Magnesium‐bearing Sabugalite from the Tono Uranium Deposit,Central Japan

Calcium and magnesium‐bearing sabugalite occurs as aggregations of yellowish platy crystals in veinlets or druses in conglomerate from the oxidized parts of the Tono uranium deposit, Central Japan. X‐ray powder diffractometry of this mineral has reflections consistent with previous powder diffraction data of sabugalite. It is included in the monoclinic system with space group C2/m and calculated cell parameters of a = 19.68Å, b = 9.89Å, c = 9.82Å α = γ = 90°, β‐96.93° and V = 1897.83ų. Chemical analysis yields a formula of (Ca_0.10 Mg_0.09)_Σ0.19Al_0.53(UO₂)_2.04((PO₄)_1.99(AsO₄)_0.01)_Σ2.00·11.22H₂O. EMPA mapping shows that the mineral is compositionally uniform with no micron‐scale layering. Charge of cations including Ca and Mg in the cation‐H₂O layer is 1.98 being identical to that of autunite group minerals. This suggests that the charge balance in the cation‐H₂O layer of the mineral could be made by the alkaline earth or alkaline elements rather than by hydrogen ions.     

基于水化学组分和环境同位素信息探讨山东德州深层承压地下水起源

本文针对海河流域平原长期过量开采深层水导致地下水位不断下降,引发地面沉降等环境地质问题,选择德州深层水分布区作为重点研究区,以深层地下水化学组分及同位素信息作为主要研究对象,探讨深层地下水起源与更新性。研究结果表明,德州深层水主要形成于末次冰期盛期较寒冷的大气降水淋滤,在形成及径流过程中,遭遇较强烈的蒸发作用和阳离子交换作用,形成以HCO3-Na型水为主要成因类型,具有高氟、高钠、低钙、偏碱性的水化学特征,和氢氧稳定同位素低,氚含量低的同位素特点;深层地下水循环缓慢,更新能力较弱。     

Neurophysiological control of swimming behaviour,attachment and metamorphosis in black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) larvae

Experiments were conducted to test the effect of a range of chemicals on larval responses in swimming behaviour, attachment and metamorphosis of the black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris). The effect of antibiotics on larval survival was first tested within negative (filtered seawater) and positive (GABA at 10^?5, 10^?4 and 10^?3 mol L^?1) control assays over 3 days. This experiment corroborated the effectiveness of using antibiotics to improve survival of larvae without obvious synergistic interactions with the GABA inducer or confounding effects of potential bacterial interactions. Chemical treatments (acetylcholine, potassium chloride, dopamine and glutamine) were then tested at various concentrations for their ability to modulate swimming behaviour and induce larval attachment and metamorphosis over 14 days. Generally, larval state shifted from swimming to attached, and from attached to metamorphosed, in the control and treatments over time. However, the peak percentage of attached and metamorphosed larvae varied in time among chemicals and concentrations. While overall percent metamorphosis was minimally enhanced after 14 days of exposure to some chemical treatments at certain concentrations, all treatments displayed significant capacities to down-regulate larval swimming and induce early attachment and metamorphosis. Mortality was recorded throughout the duration of the experiment, and was generally low (<20%) across controls and most treatments for exposures of less than 12 days. Interpretations of specific results from this study are used to elucidate neurophysiological control of larval activities for this abalone species. Comparisons with other marine invertebrates highlight the specificities of chemical cues and endogenous regulatory mechanisms across relatively closely related taxa.