某化工厂周边不同介质中铬含量及形态特征

为了解某化工厂附近土壤铬污染状况及其生物有效性,研究了该化工厂周边的土壤、粉尘、排污底泥、工业废渣和水等不同介质中重金属含量及Cr的化学形态特征。结果显示,该区域土壤出现以化工厂为中心的大面积Cr异常;废渣和部分底泥中Cr的含量是土壤背景值的近100倍乃至上万倍;表层土壤和粉尘中Cr元素含量与化工厂距离变化曲线的一致性,表明化工厂粉尘是引起大面积Cr异常的主要污染源;不同介质中Cr元素主要以残渣态(生物不可利用态)存在,但底泥中Cr的潜在可利用态、废渣中Cr的可利用态存在一定的比例,会对当地的动植物和人体产生负面的生态效应,应重视其可能引起的生态后果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中西部长8砂岩的流体包裹体特征与油气成藏期次分析

利用流体包裹体的分析测试技术与研究方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地中西部长8油层组的成藏期次进行了研究。烃类包裹
体及其伴生的盐水包裹体的岩相学特征、均一温度、盐度、密度及成分分析显示,长8储层主要发育两期烃类包裹体,第
一期分布在早期方解石胶结物、石英颗粒表面及其连生的石英加大边中以及未切穿石英颗粒的早期愈合裂缝中,其伴生盐
水包裹体的均一温度峰值为80~90℃;第二期烃类包裹体分布在石英颗粒表面和切穿石英颗粒的裂缝中,其伴生盐水包裹
体的均一温度峰值为100~120℃。储层成岩作用与油气充注微观分析、成岩-烃类充注演化时间序列研究,结合地层埋藏史
和热史分析表明,研究区经历了三期烃类充注事件：第一期（约169~161 Ma） 充注规模小,砂岩中未捕获到这一期适合进
行均一温度与成分测定的烃类包裹体,因此本研究缺乏这期包裹体的温度与成分数据;第二期（约148~135 Ma） 烃类充注
对应前述获得均一温度与成分数据的第一期烃类包裹体;第三期烃类充注规模最大,发生在早白垩世晚期的125.2~105.7 Ma
之间,为主成藏期,对应前述获得均一温度与成分数据的第二期烃类包裹体。     

CAMAM: A Miniature Laser Ablation Ionisation Mass Spectrometer and Microscope‐Camera System for In Situ Investigation of the Composition and Morphology of Extraterrestrial Materials

Performance studies of a microscope‐camera system (MCS) and a laser ablation/ionisation mass spectrometer (LIMS) instrument (referred to here as a laser mass spectrometer or LMS) are presented. These two instruments were designed independently for in situ analysis of solids on planetary surfaces and will be combined to a single miniature instrument suite for in situ chemical and morphological analysis of surface materials on planetary bodies. LMS can perform sensitive chemical (elemental, isotope and molecular) analyses with spatial resolution close to micrometre‐sized grains. It allows for studies with mass resolution (M/ΔM) up to 800 in ablation mode (elemental composition) and up to 1500 in desorption mode (molecular analysis). With an effective dynamic range of at least eight orders of magnitude, sensitive and quantitative measurements can be conducted of almost all elements and isotopes with a concentration larger than a few ppb atoms. Hence, in addition to the major element composition, which is important for the determination of mineralogical constituents of surface materials, trace elements can also be measured to provide information on mineral formation processes. Highly accurate isotope ratio measurements can be used to determine in situ geochronology of sample material and for investigations of various isotope fractionation processes. MCS can conduct optical imagery of mm‐sized objects at several wavelengths with micrometre spatial resolution for the characterisation of morphological surface details and to provide insight into surface mineralogy. Furthermore, MCS can help in the selection of sample surface areas for further mass spectrometric analysis of the chemical composition. Surface auto‐fluorescence measurements and images in polarised light are additional capabilities of the MCS, to identify either fluorescing minerals or organic materials, if present on the analysed surface, for further investigation by LMS. The results obtained by investigations of NIST reference materials, amino acid films and a natural graphite sample embedded in silicate rock are presented to illustrate the performance of the instruments and their potential to deliver chemical information for mineral and organic phases in their geological context.     

Zircon U‐Pb/Lu‐Hf and monazite chemical dating of the Tirodi biotite gneiss: implication for latest Palaeoproterozoic to Early Mesoproterozoic orogenesis in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone

In this investigation, we reconstruct the latest Palaeoproterozoic to Early Mesoproterozoic orogenic events along the southern margin of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ), using sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U‐Pb zircon dating and Lu‐Hf isotope analyses of zircon and Th‐U‐Pb chemical dating of monazite from samples of the Tirodi biotite gneiss (TBG) unit in the Sausar Mobile Belt (SMB), the latter constituting the southernmost litho‐tectonic component of the CITZ. U‐Pb zircon dating of one migmatitic gneiss sample from the type locality of the Tirodi biotite gneiss in the northern domain of the SMB has yielded an age of 1618 ± 8 Ma, which is considered to be the time of magmatic crystallization of its protolith. Combined U‐Pb zircon and monazite chemical dating of two granite gneiss samples from the southern domain of the SMB broadly constrain magmatic crystallization between 1603 ± 23 Ma and 1584 ± 17 Ma and an overprinting metamorphic recrystallization event at 1572 ± 7 Ma. Monazites from the granite gneiss samples also record a terminal metamorphic event at 1415 ± 23 Ma. Lu‐Hf isotopic analyses of zircons reveal fundamentally different source rock reservoirs for the protoliths of these magmatic rocks across the SMB. While the type TBG from the northern domain was derived from an Early Palaeoproterozoic source T(Hf) from 2093 to 2523 Ma, with a mean value at 2379 Ma) of essentially juvenile material with minor crustal components (εHf(t) from −3.3 to + 3.7), the granite from the southern domain had a mature crustal source (εHf(t) from −12.5 to −21.9) of Palaeoarchaean age T(Hf) from 3051 to 3630 Ma, with a mean value at 3218 Ma). When integrated with metamorphic information previously obtained from the 1.6 Ga ultra‐high temperature granulite facies metamorphic event in the SMB, the discrete magmatic and metamorphic events between 1.62/1.60 Ga and 1.42 Ga can be correlated with the formation of an Early Mesoproterozoic accretionary orogen in the CITZ. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemical characteristics of oils among real cores in displacement model

Physical simulation experiment on oil displacement is an important approach to understand the mechanism and efficiency of displacement. Physical simulation experiments on water-flooding and chemical flooding in real cores with different lithologies and physical properties, reservoir Rock-Eval, TLC-FID, GC of saturated hydrocarbon fractions and GC-MS of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions were performed to investigate differences in the geochemistry of residual oils in the cores processed by water-flooding and chemical flooding. After fine sandstone was displaced with the two methods, the preferable replacement efficiency was displayed by the chemical constitutions of residual oils. As to glutenite, water-flooding is less effective, while chemical flooding has excellent performance according to changes in chemical compounds in oils. The results showed that the geochemical characteristics of the reservoir oils and lithology and physical properties of reservoir bed need to be considered in selecting replacement methods. In addition, the geochemical parameters for residual oils slightly changed during water-flooding and chemical flooding, which suggested the water-flooding and chemical flooding could not affect the application of these parameters in geochemistry.     

不同衬底材料上外延金刚石的研究

利用自制的5kW微波等离子体化学气相沉积（MPCVD）装置对在不同衬底材料上外延生长的CVD金刚石进行了研究。利用HPHT金刚石、CVD异质形核生长的金刚石及Ia型天然金刚石样品作为籽晶,分析了不同CH4浓度与基片温度对外延CVD金刚石的影响以及通过扫描电子显微镜表征了CVD金刚石外延面的表面形貌。结果发现,HPHT金刚石为籽晶,由于其自身缺陷导致外延效果不佳;CVD异质形核生长的衬底因形核阶段的晶面生长难以控制而使其外延面较粗糙;经打磨的Ia型天然金刚石才是理想的籽晶。当CH4浓度约为10%、基片温度为1020℃时,CVD金刚石的外延生长速率可达到70.0μm/h。     

成都金沙遗址青铜器的化学特征及矿质来源

在总结前人对商周遗址中青铜器研究的基础上,通过对成都金沙遗址出土青铜器的铅同位素和主要金属元素含量的测定,分析讨论了金沙青铜器的化学特征及可能的矿质来源。通过对测定结果的分析认为：青铜器的冶炼过程中人为进行铜铅锡含量配比的迹象并不明显,更多体现出直接利用多金属矿的结果;金沙遗址中青铜器的铅同位素值大部分异常高,表现出N（206Pb）/N（204Pb）大于20。根据区域地质资料和前人对多金属矿床的研究结果,认为金沙青铜器的铜矿石极有可能来自于距离较近的会理拉拉厂铜矿。     

Retrograde melt–residue interaction and the formation of near‐anhydrous leucosomes in migmatites

Considering physical segregation of melt from its residue, the chemical potentials of the components (oxides) are the same in both when segregation occurs. Then, as P–T conditions change, gradients in chemical potential are established between the melt‐rich domains and residue permitting diffusional interaction to occur. In particular, on cooling, the chemical potential of H₂O becomes higher in the melt segregation than in the residue, particularly when biotite becomes stable in the residue assemblage. Diffusion of water from the melt to the residue promotes crystallization of anhydrous products from the melt and hydrous products in the residue. This diffusive process, when coupled with melt loss from the rocks subsequent to some degree of crystallization, can result in a significant degree of anhydrous leucosome being preserved in a migmatite with only minor retrogression of the residue. If H₂O can diffuse between the melt segregation and all of the residue, then no apparent selvedge between the two will be observed. Alternatively, if H₂O can diffuse between the melt segregation and only part of the residue, then a distinct selvedge may be produced. Diffusion of H₂O into the residue may be in part responsible for the commonly anhydrous nature of leucosomes, especially in granulite facies migmatites. Diffusion of other relatively mobile species such as Na₂O and K₂O has a lesser effect on overall melt crystallization but can change the proportion of quartz, plagioclase and K‐feldspar in the resultant leucosome. The diffusion of H₂O out of the melt results in the enhanced crystallization of the melt in the segregation and increases the amount of resulting anhydrous leucosome relative to the amount produced if melt crystallized in chemical isolation from the residue. For high residue:melt ratios, the proportion of resulting near‐anhydrous leucosome can approach that of the proportion of melt present at the onset of cooling with only minor loss of melt from a given segregation required. Crystallization of melt segregations via the diffusion of H₂O out of them into the host may also play a major role in driving melt‐rich segregations across key rheological transitions that would allow the expulsion of remaining melt from the system.     

Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Waters and Dissolved Gases in Some Thermal Springs of Sicily and Adjacent Volcanic Islands, Italy

Hydrochemical (major and some minor constituents), stable isotope ( and , δ13C_TDIC total dissolved inorganic carbon) and dissolved gas composition have been determined on 33 thermal discharges located throughout Sicily (Italy) and its adjacent islands. On the basis of major ion contents, four main water types have been distinguished: (1) a Na-Cl type; (2) a Ca-Mg > Na-SO₄-Cl type; (3) a Ca-Mg-HCO₃ type and (4) a Na-HCO₃ type water. Most waters are meteoric in origin or resulting from mixing between meteoric water and heavy-isotope end members. In some samples, δ¹⁸O values reflect the effects of equilibrium processes between thermal waters and rocks (positive ¹⁸O-shift) or thermal waters and CO₂ (negative ¹⁸O-shift). Dissolved gas composition indicates the occurrence of gas/water interaction processes in thermal aquifers. N₂/O₂ ratios higher than air-saturated water (ASW), suggest the presence of geochemical processes responsible for dissolved oxygen consumption. High CO₂ contents (more than 3000 cc/litre STP) dissolved in the thermal waters indicate the presence of an external source of carbon dioxide-rich gas. TDIC content and δ¹³C_TDIC show very large ranges from 4.6 to 145.3 mmol/Kg and from –10.0‰ and 2.8‰, respectively. Calculated values indicate the significant contribution from a deep source of carbon dioxide inorganic in origin. Interaction with Mediterranean magmatic CO₂ characterized by heavier carbon isotope ratios ( value from -3 to 0‰ vs V-PDB (CAPASSO et al., 1997, GIAMMANCO et al., 1998; INGUAGGIATO et al., 2000) with respect to MORB value and/or input of CO₂-derived from thermal decomposition of marine carbonates have been inferred.     

海洋球石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)活性物质分离鉴定及其抗菌抗氧化性能研究

以海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi为原料,提取分离生物活性物质,为该藻活性物质的研究与开发提供理论基础。通过对球石藻75%乙醇浸提物采用乙酸乙酯进行萃取,进一步利用薄层色谱、硅胶色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱及高效液相色谱(HPLC)等方法,对化合物成分进行逐步分离纯化,获得纯度大于95%的单体化合物;通过~1HNMR、~(13)CNMR及HRMS等波谱分析技术鉴定化合物的结构,并对其抗菌、抗氧化性能进行初步分析。结果分离鉴定出3种单体化合物,分别为叶绿醇(C_(20)H_(40)O)、棕榈酸(C_(16)H_(32)O_2)和肉豆蔻酸(C_(14)H_(28)O_2),这些化合物均为首次从海洋球石藻中分离获得。其中叶绿醇具有较强的抗氧化能力,且对肝癌细胞Hep G2的增殖有较强的抑制作用,其他两种化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌及副溶血性弧菌均有不同程度的抗菌活性。另外,海洋球石藻中这些化合物除了具有一定的抗菌抗氧化性能外,可能在球石藻响应胁迫(如病毒感染)过程中也具有重要作用。