Experimental and numerical investigations on zigzag porous screen breakwater

Pile supported porous breakwaters are commonly adopted for shielding small-scale harbors, such as marinas, fishing harbors, and recreational harbors from external waves. To improve efficiency of such breakwaters, attempts have been made to provide a filter screen containing porous material. Possible alternative to the existing pile supported screen breakwaters is the zigzag breakwater. This article details on the numerical and experimental investigations carried out on the performance of zigzag porous screen breakwater. Results related to the wave amplification in front of the structure, wave reflection, and transmission, forces exerted by the waves on the structure are discussed. The studies clearly indicate that the transmission coefficient of the order of 0.5 can be achieved for H _i/gT ² > 0.008 for 50% submergence, whereas the reflection coefficient can be effectively reduced to 0.2. Reduction in wave force is of the order of 50% which is primarily due to reduction in reflection coefficient. Substantial reduction in wave force contributes directly to reduction in the cost of construction of the breakwater, a definite advantage over other similar breakwaters.     

湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床分形成矿动力学

随着分形理论的建立与发展 ,应用分形理论研究矿床分布及元素的分布与富集规律已经成为研究成矿作用的一个有力的新工具。文中对湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床金品位空间变化进行了分形与混沌吸引子分析 ,结果表明 ,该矿床金品位分布具有分形结构特征 ,并都呈双分形关系 ,分叉处的金品位与其平均品位相当 ,分维值可以指示成矿流体的运移方向。其金品位空间变化为混沌序列 ,在相空间维数为 8～ 1 0时 ,出现一个混沌吸引子 ,吸引子的维数变化于 1 .5 3～ 4 .72之间 ;表明其成矿流体的演化及金元素的沉淀富集成矿过程为混沌动力学过程 ,描述或控制本矿区金品位变化的独立变量至少需要 8～ 1 0个。总之 ,成矿物质的沉淀过程是一个复杂的非线性动力学过程 ,矿物在热液体系中通过构造应力、流体流动、流体岩石反应等之间的复杂非线性反馈作用 ,最终在合适部位沉淀下来 ,形成了各种具分形与混沌特征的矿床和品位分布     

On the distance to the Ophiuchus star‐forming region

The Ophiuchus molecular cloud complex has produced in Lynds 1688 the richest known embedded cluster within ∼300 pc of the Sun. Unfortunately, distance estimates to the Oph complex vary by nearly ∼40% (∼120–165 pc). Here I calculate a new independent distance estimate of 135±8 pc to this benchmark star‐forming region based on Hipparcos trigonometric parallaxes to stars illuminating reflection nebulosity in close proximity to Lynds 1688. Combining this value with recent distance estimates from reddening studies suggests a consensus distance of 139±6 pc (4% error), situating it within ∼11 pc of the centroid of the ∼5 Myr old Upper Sco OB subgroup of Sco OB2 (145 pc). The velocity vectors for Oph and Upper Sco are statistically indistinguishable within ∼1 km s^–1 in each vector component. Both Oph and Upper Sco have negligible motion (<1 km s^–1) in the Galactic vertical direction with respect to the Local Standard of Rest, which is inconsistent with the young stellar groups having formed via the high velocity cloud impact scenario. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

盆地构造地震地面运动速度和加速度分布特征的数值模拟

本文用错格实数傅里叶变换的拟谱法的数值模拟方法分析了地震波在冲积扇、盆地等不均匀地震构造体区域的传播过程和地面运动分布. 结果表明, 地震波由岩石区进入盆地结构后,在盆地内上下多次反射振荡,对地面建筑物可能形成多次连续的振动和破坏,仅有极少量地震波能量返回岩石区域中,这是防灾研究中值得注意的地面运动特征;地震波在盆地边界地质构造条件下,形成的地震波体波与次生面波动的叠加干涉形成了大振幅的地面运动,它可能导致建筑物的极大破坏;破坏峰值的空间位置可能远离岩石和盆地沉积层的边界或者地震断层的位置.     

天然气水合物--石油天然气的未来替代能源

天然气水合物是甲烷等天然气在高压、低温条件下形成的冰状固体物质。据估算,全球天然气水合物中碳的含量等于石油、煤等化石能源中碳含量的两倍,这是一个非常诱人的数字。在人类面临化石能源即将枯竭的时候,科学家和各国政府都把眼光投向这一未来能替代化石能源的新能源。南海在新生代构造演化历史、沉积条件、沉积环境等方面都显示这里具有生成和蕴藏巨大天然气水合物资源的条件,因此,这里可能成为中国在不远的将来之新能源基地。     

利用宽角反射/折射和深反射探测剖面揭示三河-平谷大震区深部结构特征

利用三河—平谷8.0级大震区实施的深地震反射剖面与宽角反射剖面探测方法获得的结果进行了综合研究和解释. 结果表明：两种探测方法给出的地壳基本分层是一致的,在三河—平谷大震区上地壳的埋深为21～23km,莫霍界面的深度为36～37km;该地区基底结构起伏变化较大,浅部断裂发育,在确定的数条断裂构造带中夏垫断裂是一条特征明显、深浅共存的断裂构造带;震源区周围差异明显的速度异常结构和特殊而复杂的地质构造环境意味着这些部位是发生大地震的有利部位;该地区莫霍界面起伏变化和较厚的反射叠层以及局部复杂的楔形反射带的存在等现象表明,该地区地壳结构发生过强烈的挤压、变形,同时也反映出岩浆活动对下地壳结构进行了物质的和结构的强烈改造,从而构成了该地区复杂的地壳深部结构,可将其视为三河—平谷8.0级大地震孕育和发生的深部要素.     

基于改进混沌果蝇优化小波阈值法地震信号随机噪声压制

由于野外采集地震资料往往带有较多的随机噪声,给资料解释造成困难。针对小波阈值去噪的阈值选取通常需要对信号进行先验估计,带有较强猜测性,阈值选取难以获得最优结果。本文提出基于改进混沌果蝇优化的小波阈值法,将基于广义交叉验证(GCV)函数设定为阈值选取目标函数,在混沌果蝇优化算法中引入调节系数实现对该目标函数的迭代寻优,在无先验信息前提下,获取最优小波阈值。通过将本文算法用于合成地震记录和实际地震记录进行去噪处理,并对比常用小波阈值去噪算法,证明了本文算法的有效性。     

High-resolution seismic characterization of the gas and gas hydrate system at Green Canyon 955, Gulf of Mexico,USA

The Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments at lease block Green Canyon 955 (GC955) in the Gulf of Mexico include sand-rich strata with high saturations of gas hydrate; these gas hydrate accumulations and the associated geology have been characterized over the past decade using conventional industry three-dimensional (3D) seismic data and dedicated logging-while-drilling (LWD) borehole data. To improve structural and stratigraphic characterization and to address questions of gas flow and reservoir properties, in 2013 the U.S. Geological Survey acquired high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) seismic data at GC955. Combined analysis of all available data improves our understanding of the geological evolution of the study area, which includes basin-scale migration of the Mississippi River sediment influx as well as local-scale shifting of sedimentary channels at GC955 in response to salt-driven uplift, structural deformation associated with the salt uplift, and upward gas migration from deeper sediments that charges the main gas hydrate reservoir and shallower strata. The 2D data confirm that the sand-rich reservoir is composed principally of sediments deposited in a proximal levee setting and that episodes of channel scour, interspersed with levee deposition, have resulted in an assemblage of many individual proximal levee deposit “pods” each with horizontal extent up to several hundred meters. Joint analysis of the 2D and 3D data reveals new detail of a complex fault network that controls the fluid-flow system; large east-west trending normal faults allow fluid flow through the reservoir-sealing fine-grained unit, and smaller north-south oriented faults provide focused fluid-flow pathways (chimneys) through the shallower sediments. This system has enabled the flow of gas from the main reservoir to the seafloor throughout the recent history at GC955, and its intricacies help explain the distributed occurrences of gas hydrate in the intervening strata.     

Identification and characterization of fluid escape structures (pockmarks) in the Estremadura Spur,West Iberian Margin

Located on the West Iberian margin, between Cabo Carvoeiro and Cabo da Roca, the Estremadura Spur is a trapezoidal promontory elongated in an east-west direction, extending until the Tore seamount. Recently a field with more than 70 pockmarks was discovered in the NW region of the Estremadura Spur outer shelf (Lourinhã Monocline). Pockmarks are the seabed culminations of fluid migration through the sedimentary column and their characteristic seabed morphologies correspond to cone-shaped circular or elliptical depressions. The characterization of these features and the understanding of the associated fluid escape process are the main objectives of this work. Here we characterize these structures to understand their structural and stratigraphic control based on: 1) Seismic processing and interpretation of the high resolution 2D single-channel sparker seismic dataset, 2) Bathymetric and Backscatter interpretation and 3) ROV direct observation of the seafloor.The analysis of the seismic profiles allowed the identification of six seismic units, disturbed by the migration and accumulation of fluids. The Estremadura Spur outer shelf has been affected by several episodes of fluid migration and fluid escape during the Pliocene-Quaternary that are expressed by a vast number of seabed and buried pockmarks. At present, the pockmarks are mainly inactive, as the seabed pockmarks are covered by recent sediments. It is concluded that the migration of fluids to the seabed occurred over the Pliocene-Quaternary, as indicated by the buried pockmarks at different depths below the seabed. The vertical stacking of various pockmarks suggests a cyclical fluid flow activity that can possibly be the result of the eustatic sea level variations and the subsequent changes of the hydrostatic pressure.     

Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortex Extremes in February under the Control of Downward Wave Flux in the Lower Stratosphere

Using ECWMF ERA-40 and Interim reanalysis data, the planetary wave fluxes associated with the February extreme stratospheric polar vortex were studied. Using the three-dimensional Eliassen-Palm (EP) flux as a measure of the wave activity propagation, the authors show that the unusual warm years in the Arctic feature an anomalous weak stratosphere-troposphere coupling and weak downward wave flux at the lower stratosphere, especially over the North America and North Atlantic (NANA) region. The extremely cold years are characterized by strong stratosphere-troposphere coupling and strong downward wave flux in this region. The refractive index is used to examine the conception of planetary wave reflection, which shows a large refractive index (low reflection) for the extremely warm years and a small refractive index (high reflection) for the extremely cold years. This study reveals the importance of the downward planetary wave propagation from the stratosphere to the troposphere for explaining the unusual state of the stratospheric polar vortex in February.